GEOGRAPHY 


OF 


N  EW  YORK 

THE  STATE -THE  CITY 


Avery  Architectural  and  Fine  Arts  Library 
Gift  of  Seymour  B.  Durst  Old  York  Library 


NIAGARA  FALLS. 


GEOGRAPHY 


OF 


NEW  YORK 


THE  STATE -THE  CITY 


BY 

.  FLOYD  R.  SMITH 

AND 

ARTHUR  C.  PERRY,  JR. 


L 


KEW  YORK  •:•  CINCINNATI  •:•  CHICAGO 

AMEEICAN  BOOK  COMPANY 


Copyright,  1904,  by 
FLOYD  R.  SMITH  and  AKTHUR  C.  PERRY,  JR. 

Entered  at  Stationers'  Hall,  London. 


GEOG.  NEW  YORK. 

u.  p.  8 


I 

PREFACE 


The  many-sided  importance  of  the  state  of  New  York,  and 
its  predominance  as  a  factor  in  the  development  of  our  national 
greatness,  have  been  too  little  appreciated  by  the  pupils  of  the 
state,  and  particularly  by  those  of  the  city  of  New  York.  How- 
ever, a  decided  advance  was  made  in  the  recently  adopted  Course 
of  Study  for  the  Pul)lic  Schools  of  New  York  City,  which  requires, 
in  the  fifth  year  of  the  school  curriculum,  a  definite  study  of  the 
geography  of  the  state  and  of  certain  topics  in  the  history  of 
the  city. 

It  is  the  aim  of  this  volume  to  present  the  topics  of  the  New 
York  City  "syllabus"  —  botli  geographical  and  historical  —  in 
orderly  arrangement,  and  in  language  adapted  to  the  understand- 
ing of  the  pupils  of  the  grade.  ^ 

The  book  therefore  divides  itself  into  two  parts.  The  first 
treats  of  the  geography  of  the  state,  showing  nature's  many  con- 
tributions and  the  use  man,  in  his  tireless  industry,  has  made  of 
them.  The  second  part  treats  in  further  detail  of  the  city  of  New 
York,  by  presenting  both  its  chief  geographical  features  and  a 
brief  sketch  of  its  early  history. 


6 


PREFACE 


It  is  hoped  that  the  book  may  be  of  service  to  pupils  through- 
out the  state,  acquainting  them  with  the  various  factors  of  growth, 
showing  them  how  these  factors  have  made  the  state  the  foremost 
in  the  Union,  and  thus  implanting  that  local  pride  which  in  due 
season  shall  ripen  into  a  broad  and  intelligent  national  patriotism. 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 


The  State  of  New  York. 

Location  ...9 

Surface   12 

Drainage   16 

Size   27 

Importance   28 

Resources   28 

Industries  and  Occupations   31 

Products   36 

Commerce   41 

Manufacturing  Centers   52 

Commercial  Centers   54 

Advantages  of  Location   58 

Social  Development   60 

Government   64 

Educational  Centers   66 

The  City  of  New  York. 

Introduction   69 

As  an  Industrial  and  Commercial  Center   72 

Physical  Conditions  determining  its  Growth  and  Importance      ...  74 

Means  of  Transportation  and  Communication      ......  75 

Public  Works  ,78 

Parks   81 

Public  Schools  c   84 

Other  Public  Institutions   87 

Great  ^Mercantile  Concerns   95 

Financial  Concerns   98 

Manufacturing  Concerns   101 

Leading  Factors  determining  Public  Improvements   103 

New  York  Harbor   107 

Local  History   110 

7 


MAPS 


PAGES 

Physical  Map  of  the  State  of  New  York  10-11 
Political  Map  of  the  State  of  New  York  .  ,  •  ,  ,  .  46-47 
Map  of  the  City  of  New  York  70-71 


THE  STATE  OF  I^EW  YORK 


LOCATION 


New  York  is  the  northernmost  of  the  Middle  Atlantic  states, 
with  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey  on  the  south  and  southwest, 
Vermont,  Massachusetts,  and  Connecticut  on  the  east,  and  the 
Canadian  provinces  of  Ontario  and  Quebec  on  the  north  and 
northwest.  The  general 
form  of  the  state  is  that 
of  a  triangle,  with  Long 
Island  added  at  the  south- 
eastern corner.  The  Cana- 
dian boundary  line  runs 
throuo;h  the  middle  of 
Lake  Erie,  Niagara  River, 
Lake  Ontario,  and  the  St.  tri-state  rock,  port  jervis. 

Lawrence  to  the  forty-fifth  parallel  of  north  latitude,  and  thence 
eastward  to  the  outlet  of  Lake  Champlain.  The  dividing  line 
between  the  state  and  New  England  follows  the  deepest  channel 
of  Lake  Champlain  for  more  than  a  hundred  miles,  and  then 
extends  overland  in  an  irregular  southerly  line,  fina^lly  turning 
eastward  through  the  middle  of  Long  Island  Sound.  The  parallel 
of  42°  north  latitude  and  the  Delaware  River  form  the  Pennsyl- 
vania boundary  line.    From  Port  Jervis,  where  three  states  meet, 

9 


11 


12 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 


the  New  Jersey  boundary  line  runs  southeast  to  the  Hudson 
and  thence  south  to  New  York  Bay.  South  of  Long  Island 
spreads  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  the  great  highway  for  the  common 
use  of  the  nations  of  the  world. 

SURFACE 

If  you  look  at  a  map  of  the  United  States,  you  will  see  that 
the  Appalachian  Highlands,  which  for  a  great  distance  lie  almost 

parallel  with  the  Atlantic 
coast,  extend  into  and  across 
New  York.  Hence  there  are 
in  this  state  long  ranges  of 
mountains  and  many  high 
peaks.  But  these  mountains 
have  been  cut  through  by  so 
many  powerful  rivers  that 
the  surface  is  everywhere 
broken  up  into  highland  and 
lowland.  In  general,  it  may 
be  observed  that  the  eastern  portion  of  the  state  is  mountainous 
and  the  western  much  more  level.  The  chief  Lowland  tracts  are 
three  in  number. 

(1)  The  Valley  of  the  Hudson  and  Lake  Champlain,  narrow, 
but  300  miles  or  more  in  length,  extends  north  and  south 
across  the  state. 

(2)  The  Valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  a  long  strip  of  lowland  of 
varying  width,  descends  from  the  level  of  the  Appalachian  High- 
lands to  the  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes  and  their  outflowing  river. 


Copyright,  1902,  by  Detroit  Photographic  Co. 

Long  Lake,  Adirondack  Mountains. 


SURFACE 


13 


This  descent  is  made  by  a  series  of  terraces,  two  of  which  can  be 
plainly  seen.  The  lower  is  called  the  Lake  lildr/e,  and  the  higher 
the  Mountain  liidcje. 

(3)  The  Valley  of  the  Mohawk  connects  these  two  lowlands. 
Its  length  is  not  nuich  more  than  ahnndred  miles,  yet  it  is  of 
great  importance,  not  only  as  the  most  fertile  valley  of  the 
state,  but  because  it_is  the  only  break  through  the  Appa- 
lachian Highlands  soutli  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Lake 
Cham^^lain.    In  the  early  days  it  was  used  by  the 

Indians  and  fur  traders,  and  to-day,  by   v 

means  of  canals  and  railroads,  it  is  the  


MOHAWK 


1 


chief  route  of  travel  and  commerce  to  and  from 
the  great  West. 

These  three  great  valleys  together  have  the    i.  Tawnic  Hi-hiands. 

.  '2.  The  Adiiondacks. 

general  form  of  a  figure  4.    The  chief  Highland   3.  The  catskins. 

-  .  ,  4.  The  Allegbanies. 

regions  are  jour  m  nuinr)er. 

(1)  The  Taconic  Highlands  extend  across  the  southeastern 
part  of  the  state  and  lie  mostly  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Hudson 

River.  Thev  form  the  con- 
necting^  link  between  the 
Blue  Ridge  Mountains  of 
Virginia  on  the  southwest 
and  the  Berkshires  of  Mas- 
sachusetts and  the  Green 
Mountains  of  Vermont  on 
moHLANDs  OF  THE  HuDsoN.  thc  uortlicast.     At  some 

places  they  reach  a  height  of  2500  feet.  The  Taconic  Highlands 
include  the  Shawangunk  and  Delaware  mountains,  w^est  of  the 


14 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 


Hudson  ;  the  Highlands  of  the  Hudson,  on  both  sides  of  the 
river ;  and  the  Taconic  Range,  northeast  of  the  Highlandso  In 

the  Highlands  of  the 
Hudson  are  many 
peaks  (as  the  Dunder- 
berg,  Anthony's  Nose, 
Storm  King,  and  Bea- 
con Mountain),  which, 
though  not  of  great 
height,  are  famous  on 
account  of  then*  his- 
tory and  their  beauty. 

(2)  The  Adiron- 
dacks,  the  highest  and 
most  picturesque  mountains  of  the  state,  are  bounded  by  all  three 
of  the  great  valleys.  The  eastern  slope,  to  Lake  Champlain,  is 
very  abrupt.  Mt.  Marcy,  towering  a  mile  above  the  ocean  level, 
is  the  highest  peak.     Some  of  the  others  are  Mt.  Mclntyre, 


Storm  King. 


Copyright,  1001,  by  S.  R.  Stoddard. 


Mt.  Marcy. 


SURFACE 


15 


Copyright,  ISKtt,  by  Detroit  Photographic  Co. 

Fishing  in  the  Adirondacks. 


Mt.  Clinton,  and  Mt.  Dix. 
Among  the  Adirondack 
Mountains  are  many  favorite 
haunts  of  the  tourist.  On 
most  of  the  lakes  thousands 
of  people  find  accommodation 
in  the  beautifully  located 
hotels,  while  many  others  set 
up  camps  on  private  or  gov- 
ernment lands. 

(3)  The  Catskills,  rising  some  ten  miles  west  of  the  Hudson, 
slope  down  on  the  north  to  the  Mohawk  Valley.  This  mountain 
region,  second  only  to  that  of  the  Adirondacks  in  height  and 

beauty,  is  one  of  the 
most  popular  of  sum- 
mer resorts.  The  high- 
est peaks  are  Slide 
Mountain  and  Hunter 
Mountain,  each  with 
an  altitude  of  more 
than  4000  feet.  -  East- 
ward from  Hunter 
^fountain  is  Otis 
Summit,  from  which 
spreads  a  magnificent 
picture  of  mountain,  valley,  and  the  distant  Hudson.  The 
Otis  Elevating  Railway  extends  from  the  summit  to  the  valley 
below. 


Copyright,  IWJ,  by  Detroit  Photographic  Co. 

View  from  Otis  Summit 


16 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 


(4)  The  Allegheny  Plateau  extends  from  the  Catskills  west- 
ward across  the  state  to  within  five  miles  of  Lake  Erie.  On  the 
north  this  table-land  ends  within  thirty  miles  of  Lake  Ontario. 
Its  elevation  above  sea  level  varies  from  1000  to  2000  feetp 
while  a  few  peaks  reach  an  altitude  of  nearly  3000  feet. 

In  addition  to  the  three  main  low- 
land tracts  of  the  state  there  are  many 
smaller  valleys,  which  in  turn  divide  the 
highland  regions  into  smaller  groups  of 
mountain  ridges.    Among  them  are :  — 

(1)  The  valleys  of  the  Central  Lakes, 
which  lie  north  and  south  in  great 
troughs  in  the  central  part  of  the  Alle- 
gheny Plateau. 

(2)  The  valleys  of  the  Susquehanna 
and  Delaware  rivers  and  their  branches, 
which  separate  the  Catskills  from  the 
Allegheny  Plateau. 

(3)  The  valleys  of  the  Hudson  and  Delaware,  which  separate 
the  ranges  south  of  the  Catskills,  the  Delaware,  Shawangunk,  etc. 


Copyriglit,l'.H)2,by  Detroit  Photographic  Co. 

Kaaterskill  Falls, 
Catskills. 


DRAINAGE 

River  Systems.  —  The  lowland  regions  are  in  every  case  val- 
leys formed  by  rivers  which  through  thousands  of  years  have  cut 
their  way  from  mountain  top  to  ocean  level.  Even  the  lakes  are 
really  only  wider  rivers.  The  waters  from  New  York  all  find  their 
way  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  although  through  ocean  arms  as  far 


DEAINAGE 


17 


apart  as  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The 
river  systems  represented  are  five  in  number :  the  St.  Law- 
rence, the  Hudson,  the  Delaware,  the  Susquehanna,  and  the 
Mississippi. 

Rivers.  —  The  most  important  of  the  rivers  are  as  follows  :  — 
(1)  In  the  St.  Lawrence  system  there  are,  first,  the  border 

rivers,  the  Niagara  and  the  St.  Lawrence,  the  one  feeding  Lake 

Ontario  and  the  other  draining  it. 

Then  there  are  the  rivers  flowing  into  Lake  Ontario.  The 

Genesee  River  rises  in  northern  Pennsylvania,  at  an  altitude 

of  2500  feet,  and  is  the  only  river  flowing  entirely  across  the 

state.     It   is   some  200 

miles   long,    and    in  its 

lower  part,  cutting  its  way 

down  from  the  Allegheny 

Plateau,  it  flows  between 

great  sandstone  cliffs  hun- 
dreds of  feet  high.  The 

Oswego,  formed   by  the 

junction  of  the  Seneca  and 


Oneida     rivers,    is  but 


Genesee  River. 


twenty  -  four  miles  long, 
yet  as  the  outlet  of  the  Central  Lakes  it  discharges  a  very  large 
volume  of  water.  The  Black  River  rises  in  the  Adirondacks  and 
is  about  120  miles  long. 

The  other  rivers  of  the  system  are  those  flowing  directly 
into  the  St.  Lawrence  or  through  Lake  Champlain,  all  of  which 
have  their  sources  high  in  the  Adirondacks. 


18  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOEK 

(2)  In  the  Hudson  system  is  the  Hudson  River,  the  longest 
river  of  the  state.  It  lies  entirely  within  the  state,  and  flows 
350  miles  from  the  Adirondacks  south  into  New  York  Bay. 
For  the  last  150  miles  of  its  course  it  is  navigable  for  steam- 
boats, and  in  the  last  hundred  it  makes  a  fall  of  only  five  feet. 

To  the  lover  of  nature  a  trip  up  the  Hudson  on  one  of  the 
river  steamers  is  a  never-failing  delight.    Before  leaving  New 


The  Palisades. 


York  city,  one  may  see  the  lofty  Palisades  rising  on  the  left. 
These  immense  cliffs  extend  from  Weehawken  to  Nyack  and 
at  one  point  reach  a  perpendicular  height  of  550  feet  from  the 
river's  level.  The  Palisades  are  to  be  kept  by  the  states  of  New 
York  and  New  Jersey  as  a  public  park,  with  a  fine  road  run- 
ning at  their  base  along  the  river's  edge  for  fifteen  miles  or  more. 
At  the  Tappan  Zee,  and  again  at  Haverstraw,  the  river  broadens 
to  a  width  of  more  than  three  miles.    All  along,  on  either  bank, 


DEAINAGE 


are  thriving  villages,  and  a  mile  above  Haverstraw  there  comes 
to  view  the  lighthouse  at  the  foot  of  the  battle  ground  of  Stony 
Point.  Beyond,  at  a  bend 
in  the  river,  near  the  vil- 
lage of  Peekskill,  the  Dun- 
derberg  Mountain  stands 
sentinel  at  the  southern 
entrance  to  the  Highlands. 
North  to  Newbnri>;h  the 
river  winds  most  beauti- 
fully in  and  out  between 
the  steep  mountains.  Be- 
yond the  Highlands  it 
grows  narrower,  and  its 


Stony  Point. 

banks  become  more  and  more  level 

until  we  arrive  at  the 
capital  city,  Albany. 
At  Cohoes,  a  few  miles 
farther  north,  its  chief 
tributarv,  the  Mohawk 
River,  empties  into  the 
Hudson. 

The  Mohawk  has 
an  entire  lens^th  of  175 
miles,  and  from  the 
city  of  Rome  descends 

Mohawk  Valley.  eastward      SOmC  450 

feet.  Many  prosperous  cities  are  situated  along  its  banks  and 
are  of  interest  both  commercially  and  historically. 


18) 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 


The  other  branches  of  the  Hudson  are  not  of  great  impor- 
tance. 

(3)  In  the  Delaware  system  the  principal  water  course  is  the 
Delaware  River,  which  rises  by  two  branches,  the  east  and  the 
west,  in  New  York  state.  As  we  have  already  noted,  it  forms 
the  boundary  line  between  Pennsylvania  and  New  York  for 
about  seventy-five  miles  of  its  length.  Its  chief  tributary  is 
the  Never  sink. 

(4)  The  Susquehanna  system  includes  the  headwaters  of  the 
Susquehanna  River  and  its  tributaries.   This  river  rises  in  Otsego 

Lake,  within  twenty  miles 
of  the  Mohawk,  but  hun- 
dreds of  feet  above  it.  It 
flows  into  Pennsylvania 
and  back  into  New  York 
before  finally  leaving  the 
state  for  its  course  through 
Pennsylvania.  It  has  a 
large  number  of  tributa- 
ries in  New  York,  chief  of 
which  are  the  Chenano;o 
and  Chemung. 

(5)  The  Mississipjn  system.  Tributaries  of  the  Allegheny 
River  rise  near  the  very  edge  of  the  Allegheny  Plateau,  within 
less  than  ten  miles  of  the  Lake  Erie  shore.  The  waters  of  these 
tributaries  thus  flow  away  from  the  St.  Lawrence  system,  for 
hundreds  of  miles,  seeking  an  outlet  which  they  finally  find, 
through  the  Mississippi,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 


Copyright,  I'JOO,  by  Detroit  Photographic  Co. 

Susquehanna  River. 


DRAINAGE 


/  2] 


Scene  among  the  Thousand  Islands. 

Islands.  —  In  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Hudson  river  systems 
are  most  of  tlie  islands  of  the  state,  which  may  be  divided  into 

two  groups. 

The  Nor  tliices  tern 
Group  includes  Grand  Is- 
land in  the  Niagara  Eiver, 
several  small  islands  in 
Lake  Ontario,  and  a  re- 

SuMMER  Residence,  Thousand  Islands.  markable       Collection  of 

:ocky  patches,  known  as  the  Thousand  Islands,  in  the  St.  Law- 
rence. The  Thousand  Island  region  is  a  paradise  for  summer 
excursionists.  In  the  very 
leart  of  the  region,  on  the 
S^ew  York  shore,  is  Alexandria 
3ay,  whose  natural  beauty 
las  attracted  visitors  from  all 
3arts  of  the  globe.  A  sail 
:rom  this  point  through  the  ^ne  of  the  thousand  islands. 

sland  channels  presents  a  variety  of  scenery  nowhere  sur- 
passed.   Magnificent  hotels,  pretty  cottages,  and  summer  camps 

NKW  YOKK  2 


22  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 

lie  amid  the  wildest  and  most  picturesque  natural  surround- 
ings. 

Tlie  Southeastern  Group  is  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson 
River.  Manhattan  Island,  fourteen  miles  in  length  and  less 
than  three  in  width,  but  the  most  remarkable  island  of  the  world, 
is  separated  from  the  mainland  on  the  north  by  the  Harlem 
River.  Staten  Island,  three  times  the  size  of  Manhattan,  lies 
five  miles  to  the  south  of  it..  Long  Island,  separated  from  Man- 
hattan by  the  East  River, 
which  is  really  only  a  strait, 
is  about  110  miles  long  and 
varies  from  eight  to  twenty 
miles  in  width.  There  are 
also  numerous  small  islands 
near  Long  Island. 

Waterfalls.  —  It  must  be 
remembered    that   very  few 

Copyright,  1888,  by  S.  R.  Stoddard.  ^  ^ 

A  Cascade.  rivcrs  flow  with  a  uuiform  de- 

scent. A  river  may  flow  for  miles  with  but  a  slight  decline,  and 
then  suddenly  plunge  over  a  rocky  wall  in  a  number  of  cascades, 
or  drop  in  a  single  fall.  Many  of  the  rivers  of  New  York  contain 
waterfalls  of  great  beauty  and  often,  as  we  shall  see  later,  of 
great  use. 

The  Niagara  Falls  are  the  most  noted  of  these.  The  im- 
mense volume  of  water  from  four  of  the  five  Great  Lakes  passes 
to  Lake  Ontario  by  way  of  the  narrow  Niagara  River.  Over  the 
rocky  bed  of  this  river  it  flows,  until  in  the  course  of  half  a 
mile  it  descends  forty  feet,  thus  forming  %hat^re  known  as  the 


( 

DRAINAGE 


23 


Niagara  Falls. 


Rapids  of  the  Niagara. 

Then  it  drops  four  times 
this  height  in  a  stupen- 
dous fall.  Goat  Island  di- 
vides the  mile- wide  stream 
at  this  point  so  that  the  fall 
is  made  in  two  branches, 
the  narrower  American 
Falls,  167  feet  high,  and 
the  broader,  horseshoe- 
shaped  Canadian  Falls, 
158  feet  high.  Below  the  falls  the  river  forms  what  is  known 
as  the  Whirlpool  Rapids,  and  later,  broadening  into  one  of  the 
calmest  of  streams,  empties  into  Lake  Ontario. 
^  In  the  Genesee  River  there  are  two  groups  of  falls,  one  at 
Portage,  where  there  is  a  descent  of  330  feet  in  three  miles,  and 
the  other  at  Rochester,  where  there  is  a  drop  of  200  feet  in  three 

cascades.  At  what  is 
known  as  the  Middle  Fall 
at  Portage,  the  river  has 
worn  out  of  the  bank  a 
curious  cave  called  the 
Devil's  Oven,  large  enough 
to  hold  a  hundred  people. 

In  the  lower  course  of 
the  Au  Sable  River  there 
is  a  number  of  swirling 
Whirlb^  RApn>s.        ^  rapids  and  dashing  falls 


24 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 


beyond  which  is  the  famous  Au  Sahle  Chasm  where  the  river 
rushes  for  two  miles  between  sheer  walls  of  rock  a  hundred  feet 

in  height  and  only  fifty  feet  apart. 

On  the  Mohawk  there  are  the 
Cohoes  Fallsy  seventy  feet  in  height. 
West  Canada  Creek,  a  branch  of  the 
Mohawk,  by  haK  a  dozen  falls  called 
the  Trenton  Falls ,  descends  312  feet 
in  two  miles.  The  Kaaterskill  Falls 
(see  page  16)  and  Haines  Falls  in  the 
Catskills  are  also  worthy  of  mention. 

Lakes.  —  New  York  is  noted  for  its 
large  number  of  lakes,  many  of  great 
beauty.  Most  of  them  belong  to  the 
St.  Lawrence  River  system.  In  fact, 
the  Delaware  system  has  no  lake  of 
any  size,  and  the  Susquehanna  has  only  Lake  Otsego ,  which,  at 
an  altitude  of  1200  feet,  is  at  the  source  of  that  river.  In 
the  Mississippi  system 
there  is  Lake  Chautau- 
qua, a  beautiful  sheet  of 
water  in  the  extreme 
western  part  of  the  state. 
It  is  1300  feet  above  sea 
level  —  700  feet  higher 

than    Lake    Erie,   only  La^e  Chautauqua. 

eight  miles  away.  The  Hudson  River  system  contains  a  few  of 
the  famous  Adirondack  lakes,  but,  as  has  been  remarked,  the  sys- 


Au  Sable  Chasm. 


DRAINAGE 


25 


tern  which  inchides  the 
greatest  number  of  lakes 
is  that  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 
Most  important  of  all  are 
the  border  lakes :  Lake  Erie 
with  its  surface  nearly  600 
feet  above  sea  level,  and  not 
navigable  in  winter  ;  Lake  Champlain. 
Ontario,  more  tlian  300  feet  lower  than  Erie,  and  never  frozen  over ; 


Copyright,  1890,  by  S.  R.  Stoddard. 


Lake  George. 


and  Lake  Champlain,  the  northern  gateway  of  the  state,  beauti- 
fully surrounded  by  the  Adi- 
rondacks  and  the  Green 
Mountains.  Tributary  to  Lake 
Champlain  is  the  picturesque 
Lake  George,  some  forty  miles 
in  length,  and  famed  for  its 
clear  water,  its  throng  of  little 
Baby  Island,  Lake  George,  islands,  and  its  wild,  wooded 


26 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 


Copyright,  1901,  by  S.  R.  Stoddard. 

Ruins  of  Fort  Ticonderoga. 


shores.  Ticonderoga  Creek  connects  Lake  George  with  Lake 
Chanxplain  into  which  it  empties,  after  a  descent  of  200  feet, 

near  the  crumbHng 
ruins  of  old  Fort  Ticon- 
deroga. Also  finding 
their  outlet  into  the 
St.  Lawrence,  through 
either  the  rivers  flow- 
ing directly  into  it 
or  those  feeding  Lake 
Champlain,  are  most 
of  the  Adirondack  lakes,  brilliantly  set  amid  the  forests  of  the 
great  mountains.  In  the  central  part  of  the  state  is  the  group 
of  lakes  which  from  their  shape  are 
often  known  as  the  Finger  Lakes. 
We  have  seen  that  the  Oswego  River 
is  their  outlet  into  Lake  Ontario. 
The  most  important  of  them  are 
Cayuga,  Seneca,  and  Oneida,  all  navi- 
gated by  steamboats.  At  the  head 
of  Seneca  Lake  are  the  wonderful 
Watkins  Glen  and  Falls.  The  for- 
mer is  a  great  gorge  in  a  rocky 
plateau,  about  three  miles  in  length 
and  reaching  a  depth  of  300  feet. 
Through  the  Glen  a  swirling  moun-  watkins  glen. 

tain  brook  breaks  its  way  in  a  number  of  rapids,  cascades,  and 
falls.    Near  the  western  shore  of  Cayuga  Lake  are  the  graceful 


SIZE 


27 


Taughannock  Falls,  fifty  feet 
higher  than  Niagara,  which 
rush  into  a  ravine  'whose 
walls  are  400  feet  high.  In 
the  neighborhood  are  more 
than  a  dozen  other  impor- 
tant waterfalls.  Indeed,  the 
whole  region  about  these  lakes 
abounds  in  attractive  scenery. 

SIZE 

New  York  is  not  by  any 
means  one  of  the  largest  states 
in  the  Union.  In  fact,  of  the 
forty-eight  states,  twenty -eight 
are  larger  than  New  York. 
Yet  its  area  is  more  than  three 
fourths  of  that  of  all  New  England,  but  less  than  one  fifth  of  that 
of  Texas,  and  its  water 
surface  is  greater  than 


Taughannock  Falls. 


NEW  YORK 

NEW 

ENGLAND 

the  entire  area  of  Rhode 
Island.  The  length  and 

width  of  New  York  are  each  over  300  miles, 
and  its  surface  is  nearly  50,000  square  miles. 
A  most  important  fact  is  that  the  state  has 
a  water  frontage  of  nearly  1000  miles.  Politi- 
cally, the  state  is  divided  into  sixty-one  counties,  the  most  popu- 
lous of  w^hich  is  New  York,  and  the  largest  in  area,  St.  Lawrence. 


Relative  Areas 


28 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOKK 


IMPORTANCE 

We  have  already  seen  that  New  York  has  advantages  of 
location,  surface,  drainage,  and  size,  which,  properly  used,  would 
make  the  state  one  of  great  importance.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  it 
is  easily  the  first  state  of  the  Union  —  the  Emjiire  State,  as  it 
is  called.    Its  area  is  only  one  seventieth  of  that  of  the  United 


U.S. 

N.Y. 

U.S. 


N.Y 


U.S. 

N.Y 

Area 


Population 


Manufacturing       Foreign  Commerce 


Banking 


States ;  and  yet  it  has  about  one  tenth  of  the  population,  the 
value  of  its  mamifactures  is  one  sixth,  it  handles  one  half  of 
the  foreign  commerce,  and  it  carries  on  two  thirds  of  the  bank- 
ing business.  Since  1820  New  York  has  led  the  states  of  the 
Union  in  population,  having  been  fifth  in  1790,  third  in  1800, 
and  second  in  1810.  It  now  has  over  9,000,000  inhabitants. 
More  than  this,  the  state  has  a  foremost  place  in  literature,  art, 
and  education. 


RESOURCES 

We  have  spoken  of  the  physical  advantages  of  New  York. 
Let  us  see  more  closely  what  they  are. 

Water  Power.  —  We  have  seen  that  the  land  is  so  shaped  and 
located  that  there  is  a  long  water  frontage,  —  on  lake,  river,  and 
ocean,  —  that  there  are  rivers  upon  which  boats  may  be  run. 


RESOURCES 


29 


Niagara  Water  Power. 

and  yet  other  rivers  wherein  are  huge  waterfalls.  These  falls 
are  valuable  as  sources  of  power.  In  some  cases,  as  in  the  falls 
of  the  Genesee  at  the  city  of  Rochester  and  in  the  falls  of  the 
Oswego  at  the  village  of  Fulton,  the  falling  water  is  made  to 
turn  mill  wheels  w^hich  set  in  motion  all  kinds  of  machinery.  In 
the  case  of  the  falls  at  the 
city  of  Niagara  Falls,  the 
water  is  led  into  great 
pits,  where  it  drops  on  big 
wheels  called  turbines,  and 
escapes  through  a  two- 
mile  tunnel  under  the  city 
into  the  river  heloiu  the 
falls.  The  revolvino;  tur- 
bines  put  into  motion  great 

dynamos    in     the  ^  power  interior  of  power  house,  Niagara, 


30  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 

house  which  make  electricity.  The  power  in  this  form  is  then 
distributed  through  wires  to  a  distance  of  many  miles  and  used 
in  running  factories,  railroad  cars,  and  other  machinery. 

Climate. — Another  advantage  which  New  York  enjoys  is  a 
temperate  climate,  neither  too  warm  nor  too  cold  except  on  a  few 
days  in  the  year  or  in  a  few  localities.    The  rainfall  is  moderate, 

and  well  distributed 
both  throughout  the 
year  and  over  the  state. 

Soil.  —  Again,  a 
large  part  of  the  sur- 
face of  New  York  has 
a  fertile  soil.  This  is 
especially  true  of  the 
great  valley  regions 
along  the  Great  Lakes, 
along  the  Hudson,  Mohawk,  and  Genesee,  about  the  Central 
Lakes,  and  at  what  is  known  as  the  Great  Alluvial  Plain  of  the 
Susquehanna  River  in  the  Allegheny  Plateau,  where  the  river 
has  left  a  sediment  of  rich,  fertile  soil  for  miles  around. 

Minerals.  —  In  the  earth  itself  are  large  resources,  such  as 
iron  ore,  salt,  petroleum,  natural  gas,  granite,  and  marble. 

Plants  and  Animals.  —  Again,  let  us  consider  the  plant  and 
animal  life  of  the  state.  Before  Europeans  came  to  New  York, 
dense  forests  covered  the  entire  reg^ion.  Chief  of  the  trees  is 
the  pine,  and  in  the  Adirondacks  large  quantities  of  other  ever- 
greens—  particularly  the  spruce  and  the  hemlock.  These  are 
found,  too,  in  other  parts  of  the  state,  but  mingled  with  hard- 


Alluvial  Plain  near  Binghamton. 


INDUSTRIES  AND  OCCUPATIONS 


31 


woods.  Especially  plentiful  are  the  oak,  maple,  hickory,  chest- 
nut, basswood,  and  elm.  Of  the  larger  wild  animals,  few  have 
escaped  the  gun  and  trap.  But  small  game,  lilve  rabbits  and 
squirrels,  and  game  birds  still  abound.  Fish  there  are  in 
plenty  —  in  the  fresh-water  lakes  and  rivers,  trout,  bass,  pick- 
erel, and  whitefish  ;  and  in  the  salt  water,  shad,  bluetish,  mack- 
erel, oysters,  and  clams. 


INDUSTRIES  AND  OCCUPATIONS 


But  all  these  resources  would  be  worthless  without  the  in- 
dustry of  man.  It  requires  effort  on  his  part  even  to  catch  fish^ 
or  trap  a  wild  animal. 
All  the  different  forms  of 
effort  which  man  makes 
to  turn  the  resources  of 
nature  to  his  own  use  we 
call  Industries.  The  chief 
of  these  are  :  Lumbering^, 
Farming.  Fishing,  Mining 
and  Quarrvino",  and  Manu- 

I/O  7 

facturine^. 

Lumbering.  —  The  peo- 
ple have  been  so  active  in 
clearing  the  land  of  trees  that  almost  all  of  the  useful  timber 
has  been  cut  down,  except  in  the  Adirondack  region.  In  1850 
New  York  was  the  leading  state  in  lumbering,  but  to-day  it  is 
twelfth,  and  the  entire  wooded  portion  of  the  state  is  not  much 


Copyright,  ISSS,  by  S.  R.  Stoddard. 

Lumbering  in  the  Adirondacks. 


32 


•  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOUK 


more  than  a  third  of  the  total  area.  However,  lumbering  is  still 
an  important  industry,  which  thrives  chiefly  in  the  Adirondacks. 
Here,  during  the  winter,  when  the  lakes,  streams,  and  marshes 
are  frozen  into  firm  roadways,  the  ax  of  the  lumberman  is  busy, 
and  the  delightful  summer  camps  on  the  green  banks  of  lakes  and 
rivers  give  place  to  the  snow-bound  lumbering  camps,  where  the 
huge  pine,  hemlock,  and  spruce  are  felled  and  dragged  to  con- 
venient storing  places  on 
the  ice-bound  rivers.  When 
in  the  spring  the  ice  be- 
gins to  loosen  and  melt, 
and  the  streams  swell 
into  powerful  torrents,  the 
exciting  and  dangerous 
work  of  lumbering  begins. 
Agile  and  skillful  lum- 
bermen, armed  with  long 
poles,  direct  the  floating 
logs  in  their  course  down  stream,  and  many  are  the  hairbreadth 
escapes  and  deeds  of  reckless  daring  told  at  the  evening  camp 
fires. 

But  it  is  necessary  that  a  certain  amount  of  forest  land  be 
allowed  to  remain,  as  it  holds  the  rainfall  and  thus  keeps  up 
the  water  supply  of  the  rivers.  As  the  lumbermen  in  the  past 
were  frequently  selfish  and  reckless  in  destroying  the  trees,  the 
state  government  has  acquired  forest  lands  from  time  to  time,  so 
that  now  over  2000  square  miles  is  owned  by  the  state  and  known 
as  the  Forest  Preserve 


Logs  in  the  River  at  Glens  Falls. 


INDUSTRIES  AND  OCCUPATIONS 


33 


Farming.  —  The  farmer  usually  engages  in  both  agriculture  and 
stock  raising.  The  fertile  valley  regions  he  uses  for  raising  crops 
of  grain,  vegetables,  or 
fruit,  while  the  hills 
and  rough  places,  which 
are  not  so  good  for 
agriculture,  he  uses  as 
pastures  for  his  cattle 
and  other  stock.  Fully 
half  of  the  area  of 
New  York  is  devoted 


to  farming.   There  are  farming  i.v  northern  new  York. 

over  200,000  farms,  and  they  average  each  about  100  acres  in 
area.  The  state  is  one  of  the  leaders  in  agriculture,  as  in  so 
many  other  respects.  The  farms  of  the  state  are  valued  at  over 
$1,000,000,000,  and  their  products  in  one  year  are  worth  a 
quarter  of  this  sum.    Only  the  three  states  of  Illinois,  Iowa,  and 

Ohio  stand  ahead  of  New 
York  in  either  of  these  par- 
ticulars. The  leading  farm- 
ing counties  are  St.  Lawrence, 
Steuben,  and  Erie. 

Fishing.  —  New  York  is 
excellently  situated  for  the 
pursuit  of  fishing  either  as 

Drying  Fish  Nets  — Lake  Ontario.  a    SpOrt    Or    aS    an  industry. 

Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario,  the  St.  Lawrence,  the  Niagara,  and  the 
inland  rivers  and  lakes,  the  Hudson,  and  the  salt  water  about 


34 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 


Long  Island,  all  yield  great  quantities  of  fish.  The  Lake  Erie 
fisheries  are  said  to  surpass  those  of  any  other  body  of  fresh 
water  in  the  world.  Here  fishing  is  done  either  from  small 
boats,  from  the  shore,  or,  in  the  winter,  through  the  ice. 

The  state  government  has  made  laws  fixing  the  times  of  the 
year  when  certain  fish  may  be  taken  and  the  manner  in  which 
they  may  be  caught,  whether  by  line  or  net  or  spear.  Fish 

hatcheries  are  main- 
tained, where  young 
fish  are  raised  and  the 
waters  of  the  state 
stocked  with  millions 
of  them  every  year. 

Mining  and  Quarry- 
ing.—  Although  New 
York  is  not  known  as 
a  mining  state,  the  fol- 
lowing* industries  are 
important :  mining  for 
iron  and  a  few  other 
metals ;  quarrying  for  stone  and  other  minerals ;  drilling  for  oil 
or  natural  gas ;  mining  for  salt  or  getting  it  from  the  great  salt 
marshes. 

Manufacturing.  —  But  the  products  of  all  these  industries  are 
of  httle  value  until  they  have  been  manufactured  into  articles 
of  use  to  us  in  our  daily  life. 

Lumbering,  mining,  and  quarrying  lead  to  manufacturing. 
Of  little  use  are  the  timber  and  boards  until  fashioned  into 


Salt  Works. 


INDUSTRIES  AND  OCCUPATIONS 


35 


thousands  of  articles  from  a  sheet 
of  paper  to  a  steamboat ;  of  little 
use  is  the  iron  ore  until  melted, 
refined,  and  shaped  into  its  many 
forms  from  a  needle  to  a  locomo- 
tive ;  of  little  use  is  the  marble 
until  converted  into  its  countless 
})roducts  from  a  paper  weight  to 
a  city  hall.  Even  fishing  and 
farmino*  lead  to  manufacturin^r. 
Fish  are  salted  and  preserved  as 
food,  or  their  oil  is  extracted. 
Grains  are  ground  to  flour,  vege- 
tables and  fruits  are  dried  or 
canned,  liops  are  used  in  making 
beer,  and  tobacco  is  made  into  cigars ;  and  from  live  stock  are 
produced  butter,  cheese,  condensed  milk,  and  even  canned  meats, 
leather,  and  buttons. 

New  York  stands  far  in  the  lead  in  the  matter  of  manu- 
factures. The  total  value  of  the  products  is  so  great  that  an 
exact  statement  of  the  number  of  dollars  would  give  no  idea  of 
it,  as  it  reaches  far  up  into  the  billions. 

Occupations.  —  While  the  industries  just  described  employ  a 
great  number  of  the  people  of  the  state,  it  must  be  remembered 
that  certain  other  occupations  are  necessary  in  any  civilized 
community.  So  that  we  find  here  a  great  army  of  lawyers, 
doctors,  ministers,  teachers,  engineers,  lournalists,  clerks,  railroad 
men,  and  others. 


3e» 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOKK 


PRODUCTS 

Let  us  now  consider  the  products  of  each  of  these  industries 
in  turn. 

Forest  Products.  —  The  forests  in  New  York  yield  products 
which  in  a  single  year  reach  a  value  of  nearly  $16,000,000. 

The  trees,  as  hewn  and 
trimmed  by  the  ax  of 
the  woodman,  are 
taken  to  the  sawmill 
where  they  are  further 
trimmed  into  beams, 
sawed  into  boards, 
planed  into  various 
forms,  or  cut  into  shin- 
gles, or  into  hoops, 
staves,  and  headings 
for  barrels.  The  prod- 
ucts of  the  sawmills  and  planing  mills  go  to  the  hands  of  the 
builder  or  the  manufacturer. 

Agricultural  Products.  —  Among  the  leading  groups  of  agri- 
cultural products  are  the  cereals.  In  the  production  of  buck- 
wheat New  York  has  first  place,  raising  over  a  third  of  the 
total  crop  of  the  United  States.  Great  quantities  are  produced 
throughout  the  Allegheny  Plateau.  In  the  value  of  the  rye  crop, 
which  comes  largely  from  the  Hudson  Valley  counties,  Wiscon- 
sin and  Pennsylvania  are  the  only  states  that  outrank  New 
York.    Oats,  wheat,  and  corn  are  also  produced  in  large  quanti- 


Interior  of  a  Modern  Sawmill. 


PKODUCTS 


37 


ties.  Another  group  of  important  products  is  the  different  kinds 
of  hay.  Kansas  and  Iowa  are  the  only  states  that  yield  a  larger 
amount  than  does  New 
York. 

As  to  vegetables, 
more  than  a  tenth  of 
the  entire  United  States 
crop  is  raised  in  New 
York.    New  York  has  a  vegetable  farm. 

first  place  in  the  production  of  potatoes,  onions,  sweet  corn, 
cucumbers,  cabbages,  and  several  other  varieties. 

Ov^er  a  third  of  all  the  hops  in  the  United  States  comes 
from  New  York,  and  millions  of  pounds  of  tobacco  are  raised 
^innually.  The  maple,  in  addition  to  furnishing  a  valuable  tim- 
ber, is  raised  for  its  sap  to 
such  an  extent  that  New  York 
produces  more  maple  sugar 
than  any  other  state  except 
Vermont. 

In  the  raising  of  fruits, 
New  York  is  second  only  to 
the  famous  fruit  state  of  Cali- 
fornia, and  in  the  raising  of 
apples  it  holds  first  rank. 
Millions  of  pounds  of  fruits 
are  evaporated  for  the  mar- 
ket, and  cider  and  vinegar  are  among  the  important  products 
jf  the  state.    The  counties  bordering  on  the  Ontario  are  famed 

NEW  YORK  3 


lltiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHinniiiiiiMiiinnnin 

G  A T  H  i:  1 ;  I N  u  G II A  p  i-:  s . 


38 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 


for  their  orchards,  and  grapes  and  other  small  fruits  are  raised 
in  enormous  quantities. 

Agriculture  includes,  too,  the  cultivation  of  fmit  trees,  plants 
and  trees  for  ornamental  purposes,  and  the  raising  of  farm  and 
garden  seeds,  and  here  also  New  York  is  the  leader,  the  lower 
Hudson  and  Long  Island  counties  selling  nearly  $3,000,000 
worth  of  nursery  jjroducts  annually.  Near  the  city  of  Roches- 
ter are  nurseries,  said  to  be  the  largest  in  the  United  States. 

Live  Stock.  —  We  have  seen  that  the  farmer  finds  it  profit- 
able to  devote  his  hilly  or  rough  land  to  stock  raising.  In  a 
single  year  the  farmers  of  the  state  have  sold  over  $15,000,000 
worth  of  live  animals.  In  the  value  of  the  various  dairy 
products  —  cattle,  milk,  butter,  cheese  —  New  York  is  the  first 
state  of  the  Union.  Enough  milk  is  produced  in  a  year  to  sup- 
ply every  person  in 
the  state  with  more 
than  a  hundred  gal- 
lons. In  j^oultry  rais- 
ing the  state  has  high 
rank,  and  in  the  cul- 
ture of  bees  New  York 
is  surpassed  only  by 
Texas  in  the  value  of 
its  honey  and  wax. 

Fish.— The  chief 
products  of  the  fishing 
industry  are  herring,  sturgeon,  trout,  whitehsh,  catfish,  pike,  and 
perch,  from  the  border  waters ;  trout,  bass,  pike,  perch,  and  pick- 


Tbout  Fishing. 


PKODUCTS 


39 


erel,  from  the  inland  waters ;  shad  from  the  Hudson ;  and  in 
the  salt  water  about  Long  Island  are  captured  great  quantities 
of  bluefish  and  mackerel ;  menhaden  are  caught  off  the  eastern 
shore ;  and  the  bays  are  worked  for  lobsters,  oysters,  and  clams — - 
the  famous  Blue  Point  oysters  come  from  the  vicinity  of  Blue 
Point  on  the  Great  South  Bay. 

Minerals.  —  As  to  the  mining  industries,  iron  is  the  only 
metal  found  in  any  quantity.  Fine  iron  is  mined  in  the  Cham- 
plain  district,  in  the 
Highlands,  and  at  va- 
rious scattered  points 
in  other  regions. 

In  quarrying,  over 
$4,000,000  worth  of 
building'stone  was  taken 
out  in  1900.  Granite 
is  found  throughout  the 
Hudson  region,  marble  in  the  northern  and  eastern  counties,  blue- 
stone  in  Ulster,  and  limestone  in  nearly  every  section.  The  hard 
sandstone  from  Potsdam  is  used  for  paving ;  the  only  place  in  the 
country  where  red  slate  is  found  is  Washington  County;  and  cement 
is  widely  distributed,  being  found  in  Erie,  Onondaga,  and  Ulster 
counties.  Along  the  lower  Hudson  large  clay  beds  have  de- 
veloped one  of  the  greatest  brick-making  centers  of  the  world. 

Petroleum  is  found  at  many  places,  chiefly  in  Allegany  and 
Cattaraugus  counties.  From  Olean  the  oil  is  pumped  through 
pipes  to  distributing  points  as  distant  as  Buffalo  and  Long  Island 
City.     Natural  gas  is  found  in  the  central  and  southwestern 


40 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 


parts  of  t\ie  state,  and  is  used  in  Buffalo  and  other  places  for 
lighting,  cooking,  and  heating. 

In  the  production  of  salt,  New  York  has  held  first  rank  since 
1893.    Salt  springs  of  great  value  are  in  Onondaga,  Wyoming, 

and  Genesee  counties; 
and  in  recent  years 
rock  salt  has  been 
mined  in  Livingston 
County. 

Mineral  springs, 
valuable  as  medicine, 
are  found  throughout 
the  state,  some  of  the 

Congress  Park,  Saratoga  Springs.  ^^^^  ^^-^^  ^^^^^ 

at  Saratoga,  Richfield,  Sharon,  and  Avon.  The  village  of  Sara- 
toga Springs,  located  two  or  three  miles  from  the  Hudson,  is  the 
most  famous  watering  place 
in  the  United  States.  Its 
population  of  12,000  is  more 
than  doubled  during^  the  sum- 
mer  months  by  visitors  to  the 
hotels,  attracted  largely  by 
the  wonderful  mineral  waters. 

Manufactured  Products.  — 
The  products  of  manufacture 

are     almost    countless.       The  view  in  Saratoga. 

leading  branch  is  the  manufacture  of  textiles,  the  products  of 
which  exceed  a  fifth  of  the  entire  manufactures  of  the  state.  The 


COMMERCE 


41 


manufacture  of  food  and  like  products  comes  next  in  importance, 
followed  by  what  are  known  as  "  hand-trade "  products.  In 
the  manufacture  of  metals 
other  than  iron  and  steel, 
New  York  is  the  first  state, 
and  in  this  connection  it 
is  interesting  to  note  that 
New  York's  production 
of  confectionery  is  now 
greater  than  that  of  iron 
and  steel.  The  state  is 
first  also  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  lumber  products, 
of  chemicals,  of  liquors  and 
beverages,  of  tobacco,  and  of  paper  and  printing.  Very  exten- 
sive, too,  are  its  shipbuilding,  and  its  manufactures  of  clay,  glass, 
and  stone,  of  leather,  and  of  vehicles  used  in  land  transportation. 


Saratoga  Lake. 


CO:\IMERCE 

It  is  not  enouo^h  that  the  different  industries  shall  take  the 
resources  of  the  earth  and  change  them  into  useful  products. 
These  products  must  next  be  excJianr/ed,  so  that  each  person  may 
work  at  his  occupation  and  trade  off  his  products  for  other  things 
which  he  needs  but  does  not  make  himself.  This  exchange  we 
call  Commerce,  and  here,  too,  nature  has  done  much  for  New 
York  in  determinino;  the  routes  bv  which  merchandise  of  variou^j 
kinds  can  be  most  easily  transported  from  one  point  to  another. 


42 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 


A  Hudson  River  Steamboat. 


Modes  of  Transpottation.  —  We  have  noticed  that  the  state  is 
cut  in  many  directions  by  valleys,  which  are  of  the  greatest 
importance  as  routes  of  travel.  Along  these  lines  the  exchange 
of  farm  products  for  the  products  of  the  factory,  and  the  prod- 
ucts of  one  town  for  those  of  another,  has  been  made  for  years 
and  years.    Roads  were  early  built,  that  men  and  produce  might 

travel  horseback  or  in  wagons. 
Steamboats  were  run  on  the 
navigable  waters.  Then  in 
some  cases  where  the  rivers 
could  not  be  used  for  pur- 
poses of  commerce  canals  were 
built.  Later  came  the  iron 
horse,"  ready  to  haul  along 
steel  rails  great  numbers  of  wagons  or  cars  at  a  speed  far  greater 
than  ever  before  attained. 

Routes  of  Transportation.  —  One  feature  of  New  York's  sur- 
face gave  the  state  a  great  opportunity  to  grow  in  commercial 
strength.  Year  by  year  the  American  colonists  pushed  their 
settlements  farther  and  farther  into  the  great  West  and  North- 
west. Year  by  year  their  products  increased  until  they  had 
more  than  they  could  dispose  of  near  at  hand.  Then,  naturally, 
they  sought  the  chance  to  trade  with  the  people  of  the  Atlantic 
Slope,  and  even  with  the  European  nations.  To  carry  on  this 
export  trade  it  was  necessary  that  in  some  way  their  products 
should  reach  the  Atlantic  coast.  Many  seaboard  towns  with 
their  excellent  harbors  —  Boston,  New  York,  Philadelphia  — 
were  good  ports  when  once  reached;  but  how  to  reach  them? 


COMMERCE  4o 

For  hundreds  of  miles  there  was  no  break  in  the  Appalachian 
Highlands  through  which  the  loaded  wagons  might  be  sent 
to  the  coast,  but  well  toward  the  northern  end  there  was  the 
cut  formed  by  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Mohawk  valleys.  Once 
through  this  opening,  to  the  right,  lay  the  navigable  Hudson, 
inviting  commerce  to  its  mouth  port,  —  New  York.  Thus  New 
York  city  became  the  great  American  port,  and  New  York  state 
the  commercial  leader  of  the  Union. 

Roads.  —  The  means  by  which  commerce  has  been  carried  on 
are  the  waterways  —  natural  and  artificial  —  and  the  roadways, 

either  open   roads   or   i  1 

railroads. 

In  the  construction 
of  roads  for  ordinary 
use  great  progress  has 
been  made.  At  first, 
a  road  was  hardly  more 
than  a  widened  trail 
through  the  woods,  but 
from  that  small  be- 
ginning has  gradually  ocean  steamer. 
come  the  miles  of  well-built  roads  that  to-day  are  found  all  over 
the  state.  Especially  as  the  bicycle  and  automobile  have  come 
more  and  more  into  use,  the  greater  has  been  the  need  for  smooth 
and  lasting  roadways,  so  that  the  length  of  these  improved  roads 
is  daily  increasing. 

Water  Routes.  —  The  easiest  kind  of  route  for  man  to  establish 
is  a  boat  line,  for  nature  has  provided  the  "  roadbed/'  as  it  were. 


44 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOUK 


and  man  has  only  to  furnish  the  vehicles.  Steam,  of  course,  is 
almost  entirely  used  to-day  as  the  motive  power,  and  so  we  find 
steamboats  plying  regularly  on  all  of  the  important  inland  and 
border  rivers  and  lakes.  The  great  shipping  center,  not  only  of 
New  York  state,  but  of  the  western  hemisphere,  is  the  port  of 
New  York  city.  Thence  the  vessels  go  out  to  the  north,  the  east, 
and  the  south.  Many  of  the  steamboats  are  of  great  size  and 
speed  and  as  comfortably  and  richly  furnished  as  any  hotel. 

Canals.  —  We  have  already  remarked  that  many  of  the  valleys 
are  traversed  by  unnavigable  streams.  While  large  boats  may 
readily  sail  up  the  Hudson,  their  farther  progress  — up  tlirougli 
the  Mohawk  Valley  — is  made  impossible  by  the  shallowness  of  the 
Mohawk  River  and  its  rapids  and  falls.  Again,  even  if  this  river 
were  navigable,  there  are  many  breaks  in  the  chain  of  rivers  and 
lakes  as  you  cross  the  state.  Large  ditches  might  be  built  to 
connect  these,  you  may  say.  Yes,  but  they  could  not  be  laid 
out  across  entirely  level  country,  and  they  would  soon  become 


unnavigable  on  account  of  the  swiftness  with  which  the  Avater 
would  flow.  Thus  it  was  necessary  for  man  to  devise  some 
kind  of  artificial  river,  on  the  plan  of  a  large  ditch,  and  to  find 
some  method  by  which  boats  could  be  taken  easily  from  one 
level  to  another.    What  he  did  contrive  was  a  form  of  "  lock  " 


CASCADE 


rapid  -  flowing  rivers. 
Even  w^ere  a  river 
bed  dredged  and  the 
river  thus  deepened 
and  the  falls  cut  out, 
it  would  still  remain 


COMMERCE 


45 


by  which  a  boat  as  it  stands  in  the  water  can  be  raised  or 
lowered  from  level  to  level  —  made,  in  fact,  to  go  uphill  or 
downhill.  If  you  study  carefully  the  following  description, 
you  can  understand  how  this  is  done. 

If  a  boat  is  to  be  taken  from  level  C  to  level  D  (downhill),- 
o-ate  B  is  closed;  water  from  level  C  is  admitted  until  it  stands 
in  the  lock  as  high  as 
it  does  on  level  C ; 


J  LOCK 

2-  1 

2  LEI/ EL  D 

FLOO/f  or  LOCK 


gate  A  is  opened  and 
the  boat  floated  into 
the  lock ;  gate  A  is 

closed ;  the  water  in  the  lock  is  let  out  gradually  into  level  D, 
so  that  it  falls  slowly  to  the  level  of  that  in  level  D ;  gate  B  is 

opened  ;  the  boat  now 
passes  out  on  level  D 
and  is  drawn  on  until, 
another  lock  is  reached. 
To  go  uphill  from  D 
to  C  the  operation  is 
reversed  :  B  is  opened  : 
the  boat  goes  into  the 
lock ;  B  is  closed ;  water 
is  gradually  admitted 
into  the  lock  from  C  : 
A  is  then  opened  and 
the  boat  is  on  level  C. 
It  was  on  April  15,  1817,  that  the  legislature  of  New  York, 
under  the  leadership  of  Governor  Clinton,  voted  to  build  the  Erie 


Caxal  Locks,  Lockport. 


u.^.  _x^.^V--^ 


KEW  YORK 


SCALE  OF  MiLES 
C       To      iiO      30      40      30      UO  so      IK)  100 

County  Tow  ns        Railroads  Canals 


Longitude 


77 


West 


4G 


47 


48 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 


Canal,  from  Albany  to  Buffalo.  In  spite  of  the  ridicule  which 
greeted  the  '-Big  Ditch"  on  all  sides,  it  was  completed  by 
October  26,  1825.  Since  then  the  canal  has  been  used  constantly 
except  during  the  winter,  when  navigation  is  closed,  and  has 
been  improved  from  time  to  time  in  many  respects.  The  original 
length  of  363  miles  has  been  reduced  to  352,  the  number  of 
locks  from  83  to  72,  and  tlie  canal  and  locks  have  been  enlarged 
so  ■  that  larger  boats  may  be  used.  .  It  is  proposed  to  expend 
many  more  millions  of  dollars  to  enlarge  and  improve  the  canal, 
in  order  to  permit  the  floating  of  more  modern  freight  vessels. 
The  Erie  Canal  fixed  the  jjath  of  commerce  from  the  West 
through  the  state  of  New  York,  and  made  the  city  of  New  York 
the  chief  port  for  foreign  shipment.  In  addition,  many  thriving 
towns  have  been  developed  all  along  the  route  of  the  canal. 

Other  canals,  which,  like  the  Erie,  have  been  constructed  by 
the  state,  are  :  the  Champlain  Canal,  the  Black  River  Canal,  the 
Oneida  Lake  Canal,  the  Oswego  Canal,  and  the  Cayuga  and 
Seneca  Canal. 

These  canals,  all  of  which,  since  18.84,  have  been  free  for  any 
one  to  use,  carry  over  3,000,000  tons  of  freight  annually,  of 

which    two    thirds  s^oes 

3 


eastward  and  one  third 
westward. 

R  a  ilroads.  —  Within 

FIRST  RAILROAD  TrAIN.  ^^^^^  ^f^^^,  ^J^^  COmplC' 

tion  of  the  Erie  Canal  the  first  railroad  in  New  York  was  run 
between  Albany  and  Schenectady.  Since  then  the  building  of 
railroads  has  been  steadily  carried  forward,  so  that  to-day  over 


COMMERCE 


49 


8500  miles  of  steam  roads  are  operated  in  the  state.  The  roadbed 
and  rolling  stock  have  been  greatly  improved.  One  may  now  board 
a  train  at  one  end  of  the  state  in  the  morning  and  arrive  at  the 
other  before  evening  ; 
throughout  the  entire 
tri}),  during  which  he 
has  had  at  his  com- 
mand the  comforts  of 
i)arlor  and  dining  room, 

Through  courtesy  of  N.  Y.  C.  &  H.  R.  R.R. 

he  need  not  leave  his 

A  Modern  Railroad  Train. 

train. 

The  chief  railway  systems  of  the  state  are  :  the  New  York 
Central  and  Hudson  River,  and  the  Erie,  each  operating  over 
800  miles  of  road ;  the  West  Shore,  the  Rome,  Watertown,  and 
Ogdensburg,  and  the  Delaware,  Lackawanna,  and  Western,  each 
with  over  400  miles;  and  the  Long  Island,  and  the  New 
York,  Ontario,  and  Western,  with  about  300  miles  each. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  same  natural  routes  which  have  been 
used  by  canals  have  been  used  by  the  railroads,  and  that  the 
railroads  generally  follow  the  valleys  whenever  they  can.  Man 
has  not,  however,  followed  these  highways  of  nature  altogether, 
but  has  daringly  laid  his  iron  rails  across  the  mountain  ridges, 
cutting  through  the  mountains  or  building  long  bridges  over  the 
vallevs  between. 

The  main  line  of  the  New  York  Central  follows  the  east 
bank  of  the  Hudson  from  New  York  city  to  Albany.  Here  it 
turns  westward  through  the  Mohawk  Valley  and  follows  very 
closely  the  route  of  the  Erie  Canal  to  Buffalo. 


50 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 


The  West  Shore  rims  along  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson, 
and  from  Albany  to  Buffalo  along  a  route  about  the  same  as  that 
of  the  Central. 

The  Rome,  Watertown,  and  Ogdensburg  skirts  the  shore  of 
Lake  Ontario  and  connects  with  many  summer  resorts  on  the 
Lake. 

The  Erie,  completed  in  1851,  is  a  wonderful  piece  of  engi- 
neerino;  work.,   Its  oriorinal  western  terminus  was  Dunkirk,  on 

Lake  Erie.  It  now 
runs  west  to  Chicago, 
and  has  branches  to 
Buffalo  and  many 
other  points.  If  you 
follow  the  Erie  from 
Jamestown,  a  hand- 
some city  on  Lake 
Chautauqua  where  the 
road  makes  its  west- 
ern connections,  and 
continue  to  New  York, 
you  will  notice  how  it  has  to  cross  all  five  of  the  river  systems 
of  the  state,  and  yet  how  it  does  this  almost  entirely  by  fol- 
lowing up  or  down  the  river  valleys.  First  it  travels  up  the 
Allegheny  (Mississippi  system),  then  down  a  branch  of  the  Gene- 
see (St.  Lawrence  system),  then  up  the  main  stream,  and  finally 
up  an  eastern  tributary,  passing  out  of  the  Genesee  Valley,  at 
an  altitude  of  nearly  1800  feet,  into  the  Susquehanna  system, 
by  way  of  the  valley  of  the  Canisteo  River.    Next  it  goes  down 


View  on  the  Erie  Railroad. 


COMMERCE 


51 


the  Chemung,  tlien  up  the  Susquehanna,  then  crosses  the  divide 
into  the  Delaware  watershed,  following  very  closely  the  Delaware 
River  for  the  entire  length  of  its  boundary  between  New  York 
and  Pennsylvania.  At  Port  Jervis  the  road  turns  eastward  to 
climb  over  the  Shawangunk  Mountains  down  to  the  valleys  'of 
the  Hudson  River  system.  In  many  cases,  where  the  moun- 
tains come  down  to  the  river's 
the  roadbed  for  the  railroad  had 
miles  out  of  the  solid  rock,  thus 

The  New  York,  Ontario,  and 
Western  follows  the  tracks  of 
the  West  Shore  from  Weehaw- 
ken  to  Cornwall.  From  here  it 
strikes  westward  across  Orange  County  to  the  mountains  and 
lakes  of  Sullivan  and  Delaware  counties,  and  beyond  to  the 
city  of  Oneida,  where  it  again  connects  with  the  West  Shore, 
and  also  with  the  Central. 

The  Lono;  Island  Railroad  runs  from  Brooklyn,  in  New  York 
city,  throughout  the  length  of  the  island  along  both  the  north 
and  south  shores  and  also  through  the  middle  of  the  island. 

The  last  few  years  have  seen  great  progress  in  the  use  of 
electricity,  which  has  taken  the  place  of  horses  as  power  for 
street  railroads,  and  replaced  steam  for  local  travel  between 
neighboring  towns.  Over  1300  miles  of  such  roads  are 
operated  in  New  York.  In  some  cases  the  power  is  led 
through  underground  wires,  in  others  by  overhead  wires,  and  in 
others,  mainly  on  elevated  street  railways,  by  a  third  rail  along- 
side the  tracks. 


52 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 


MANUFACTURING  CENTERS 

In  New  York,  as  in  every  other  state  or  country,  the  people 
have  gathered  themselves  together  into  villages  or  into  cities, 
which  are  really  only  villages  of  a  larger  growth.  In  some  cases 
this  is  because  these  particular  places  were  better  fitted  for  carry- 
ing on  manufacturing;  in  other  cases  because  they  made  good 

centers  for  trade.  All  of 
the  cities  and  many  of 
the  villages  now  are  both 
manufacturino;  and  com- 
mercial  centers.  But  most 
of  them  owe  their  first 
growth  to  one  only  of 
these  causes.  The  cities 
of  New  York  are  forty- 
nine  in  number.  In  order 
of  their  rank  as  manufac- 

Grain  Elevator,  Buffalo. 

turing  centers  the  leading 
ten  are :  New  York,  Buffalo,  Rochester,  Syracuse,  Troy,  Albany, 
Yonkers,  Utica,  Binghamton,  Cohoes.  New  York  is  by  far  the 
greatest  of  these — so  much  so  that  we  are  to  devote  nearly  one 
half  of  this  book  to  that  city. 

Buffalo,  at  the  western  end  of  the  state,  has  immense  manu- 
factures of  iron,  steel,  brass,  and  copper  goods,  machinery,  lumber, 
oil,  flour,  sugar,  beef,  leather,  shoes,  etc.  Slaughtering  and  meat 
packing  are  extensively  carried  on.  In  the  neighborhood  of  Buf- 
falo are  the  manufacturing  cities  of  Niagara  Falls,  Lockport,  and 


MANUFACTURING  CENTEKS 


53 


North  Tonawanda,  and  the  scarcely  less  important  village  of 
Tonawanda. 

Rochester,  too,  has  many  millions  of  dollars  invested  in 
manufacturing,  over  a  third  of  which  is  in  the  manufacture  of 
boots  and  shoes  and  men's 
clothing.  Flour,  beer,  to- 
bacco, furniture,  and  pho- 
tographic goods  are  among 
the  other  products. 

Syracuse  not  only  has 
high  I'ank  as  a  manufac- 
turing city,  but  it  is  rapidly 
growing.  Men's  clothing, 
machinery,  manufactures 
of  iron  and  steel,  and  malt 
liquors  are  the  leading 
products.  Auburn,  to  the  southwest,  and  Oswego,  to  the  north- 
west, are  both  important  manufacturing- cities. 

Between  Syracuse  and  Troy  are  the  cities  of  Rome,  Utica, 

Little  Falls,  Gloversville,  Johns- 
town, Amsterdam,  Schenectady, 
and  Cohoes,  all  important  cen- 
ters of  manufacture. 

Troy  and  Albany y  only  six 
miles  apart,  are  extensive  manu- 
facturers of  machinery,  mathe- 
matical instruments,  and  shirts, 

A  Collar  Shop,  Troy.  COllarS,  and  Cuffs. 


Copyright,  I'JOO,  by  Detroit  Photographic  Co. 

Salina  Street,  Syracuse. 


54 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 


Between  Albany  and  New 
York  are  the  cities  of  Hudson, 
Kingston,  Poughkeepsie,  New- 
burgh,  Yonkers,  and  Mt.  Yernon, 
all  engaged  in  manufacture. 

In  the  south  central  part  of 
the  state  is  a  group  of  manufac- 
turing cities,  including  Ithaca, 
Hornell,  Corning,  Elmira,  and 
Binghamton.  The  last  two  are  the  most  important  and  have 
large  flour  mills,  rolling  mills,  tanneries,  breweries,  iron  works, 
car  shops,  and  factories  of  many  kinds. 


A  Street  in  Ithaca. 


COMMERCIAL  CENTERS 

We  next  consider  the  cities 
as  couimercial  centers.  The  lead- 
ing lake  ports  are  Buffalo  and 
Oswego.  Buffalo  is  called  the 
"  Queen  City  of  the  Lakes"  ;  for 
not  only  is  it  one  of  the  most 
important  cities  of  all  the  Great 
Lakes,  but,  with  its  broad,  well- 
paved,  and  beautifully  shaded 
streets,  its  many  artistic  resi- 
dences, its  well-kept  lawns,  its  substantial  public  buildings,  and 
its  system  of  public  parks,  it  is  one  of  the  handsomest  cities 
of  the  northern  country.    It  has  a  water  front  of  seven  miles 


North  Street,  Buffalo. 


COMMERCIAL  CENTERS 


55 


on  lake  and  river,  and  its  harbor,  protected  by  breakwaters,  is 
one  of  the  finest  on  Lake  Erie.  As  a  lake  port,  as  one  terminus 
of  the  Erie  Canal,  and  as  the  junction  of  a  score  of  railroads, 
it  has  an  immense  trade,  especially  in  live  stock,  coal,  and  lum- 
ber. Grain  is  brought  in  enormous  quantities  from  the  West 
and  stored  here,  and  later  reshipped  to  its  final  destinations. 

Dunkirk  J  also  a  manufacturing  city,  has  a  large  Lake  Erie 
trade. 

Oswego  is  the  chief  port  on  Lake  Ontario.  It  has  an  excellent 
harbor,  protected  by  a  large  breakwater,  and  has  miles  of  wharves 
and  many  large  grain 
elevators.  It  has  a  large 
trade  with  Canada  in 
lumber  and  grain  and 
in  coal,  which  comes 
across  the  state  from 
Pennsylvania.  Its  im- 
portance dates  back  to 
the  days  of  the  French 
and  Indian  War,  when 
the  English  fort  was  captured,  in  1756,  by  General  Montcalm. 

All  the  cities  alons;  the  line  of  the  Erie  Canal  and  the  Central 
and  West  Shore  railroads  are  important  trading  centers.  The 
Mohawk  Valley  is  famous  as  a  dairy  region,  and  besides  its 
immense  exports  of  butter  and  cheese,  hops  and  broom  corn  are 
raised  in  large  quantities.  To  the  west  is  the  great  grain  and 
fruit  producing  region  about  the  Finger  Lakes  and  the  Great 
Lakes.    The  products  of  the  farms  for  miles  around  are  brought 


The  Harbor  at  Oswego. 


56 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 


Lower  Falls,  Rochester. 


to  the  cities,  where  they  are  shipped  by  canal  or  railroad  just  as 
they  are,  or  after  they  have  been  manufactured  into  other  products. 

At  Rochester,  the  Erie 
Canal  crosses  the  Genesee 
River  on  a  great  bridge  of 
cut  stone  over  800  feet 
long.  Rochester  is  con- 
nected by  a  branch  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad 
with  the  plateau  region  to 
the  south,  so  that  the  city 
is  the  center  of  trade  for 
tlie  whole  Genesee  Valley. 
Syracuse  is  a  railroad 
center,  and  here  the  Oswego  Canal  connects  with  the  Erie. 
Rome  is  an  important  market  for  cheese  and  lumber. 
Utica,  beautifully  located  on  a  slight  elevation,  is  the  metropo- 
lis of  the  Mohawk  Val- 
ley and  a  busy  railway 
and  canal  center.  It 
is  the  most  important 
cheese  market  in  the 
United  States. 

Schenectady  is  an 
important  railroad  cen- 
ter from  which  the 
Delaw^are  and  Hudson 

Canal    Company    runs  Canal  bridge,  Rochester. 


COAOrERCIAL  CENTERS 


57 


trains  to  Lake  George  and  Lake  Champlain  and  southwest  to 
the  famous  summer  resorts  in  Schoharie  and  neicrhborino;  counties. 

Albany  J  the  capital  city,  with 
its  popuhitionof  100,000,  is  located 
a  few  miles  below  the  mouth  of 
the  Mohawk  and  at  the  junction 
of  the  Erie  and  Champlain  canals, 
near  the  head  of  the  Hudson 
Kiver  navigation.  It  is  connected 
by  rail  with  New  York,  Boston, 
Montreal,  and  Buffalo,  and  has       governor's  REsmExcE,  Albany. 

always  been  a  city  of  great  commercial  importance.  It  is  the 
greatest  lumber  market  in  this  part  of  the  country.  On  the  oppo- 
site bank  of  the  Hudson  from  Albany,  connected  by  a  railroad 
bridge,  is  the  city  of  Rensselaer,  formerly  East  Albany. 

Troy  has  excellent  com- 
mercial advantages,  connected 
as  it  is  by  canals  with  Lakes 
Champlain,  Erie,  and  Ontario, 
and  located  near  Albany  and 
its  railroad  systems.  Oppo- 
site Trov  is  the  citv  of  Water- 
vliet,  where  the  lumber  trade 
is  the  chief  industry.  At 
Watervliet  is  located  a  United 
States  arsenal. 

At  Fouc/Jil'eejjsie,  an  important  railroad  junction,  the  Hud- 
son is  spanned  by  an  immense  bridge.     Trains  passing  over 


The  PorcHKEEPSiE  Bridge. 


58 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 


this  bridge  connect  the  Pennsylvania  coal  region  with  New 
England. 

Newhurgli  is  one  of  the  leading  commercial  cities  on  the 
river,  dealing  in  the  produce  of  the  rich  farm  lands  to  the  west. 

In  Newburgh  is  located 
the  Hasbrouck  House,  fa- 
mous as  the  headquarters 
of  Washington  during  the 
last  years  of  the  Revolu- 
tion. Many  relics  of  the 
War  of  Independence  are 
to  be  found  in  the  house 
and  on  the  surroundiuo^ 
grounds,    now  preserved 

Washington's  Headquarters  at  Newburgh,  ^    Statc    park  NcW- 

burgh  is  connected  by  ferry  with  Fishkill. 

The  most  important  of  the  many  railroad  centers  of  south 
central  New  York  are  Binghamton  and  Elmira,  trading  largely 
in  flour,  lumber,  and  coal. 


ADVANTAGES  OF  LOCATION 

But  it  must  be  remembered  that  good  reasons  fix  the  loca- 
tion of  all  cities,  and  that  they  do  not  grow  up  at  randoui. 
Even  if  you  did  not  know"  that  there  is  a  city  called  Buffalo, 
as  soon  as  you  had  learned  of  the  Great  Lakes  and  the  many 
people  that  live  near  and  beyond  them,  and  of  the  remarkable 
valley  that  extends  from  Lake  Erie  across  New  York  to  the 


ADVANTAGES  OF  LOCATIOISr 


59 


Hudson  River,  you  would  expect  to  find  a  large  city  on  the  lake 
at  the  head  of  the  valley.  And,  further,  you  would  expect  to 
find  it  at  that  point  on  the  lake  shore  which  has  the  best  harbor 
for  trading  boats. 

Again,  we  have  seen  that  in  the  Genesee  River  are  great 
falls  which  can  be  used  to  run  machinery.  And  at  this  point 
on  the  river  has  grown  up  the  city  of  Rochester. 

The  city  of  Syracuse  owes  its  first  growth  to  the  salt  springs 
in  the  neighboring  marshes  which  were  known  to  the  Indians, 
it  is  said,  as  far  back  as  1653. 

These  cities  and  those  of  the  .Mohawk  Valley  all  owe  their 
later  rapid  growth  to  the  building  of  the  Erie  Canal  and  tlien 
to  the  railroads,  which 
enabled  them  to  ship 
their  products  to  dis- 
tant markets  and  to 
develop  into  great  com- 
mercial centers. 

Many  other  centers 
owe  their  manufac- 
turing importance  to 
waterfalls  —  among 
them,  Niagara  Falls,  Cohoes,  Glens  Falls,  Little  Falls,  Fulton. 

Then  there  are  the  cities  on  the  Hudson.  Kingston,  for 
example,  is  the  most  convenient  point  at  which  the  bluestone 
from  the  quarries  to  the  west  can  be  taken  and  shipped  down 
the  river.  Large  quantities  of  ice  taken  from  the  Hudson  are 
shipped  from  this  port.    Again,  Kingston  is  the  natural  southern 


Cohoes  Falls. 


60 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 


gateway  to  the  popular  Catskill  Mountain  region,  and  so  it  gains 
prominence  as  a  railroad  center. 

At  the  junction  of  the  Chenango  and  Susquehanna  rivers,  in 
the  center  of  that  fertile  alluvial  plain,  there  could  not  fail  to 
grow  up  a  town  of  importance  as  a  manufacturing  and  trading 

center —  Bingham  ton. 

Olean  and  Wellsville 
became  important  on  ac- 
count of  the  great  oil  field 
in  the  neighborhood. 

These    instances  are 
enough  to  show  you  that 
cities  do  not  spring  up  by 
chance.  In  every  case,  the 
BiNGHAMTON.  krgo  city  has  had  some 

great  advantage  of  location  —  near  powerful  waterfalls,  near 
natural  waterways,  or  perhaps  at  the  junction  of  two  of  them, 
or  at  the  central  point  of  an  extensive  farming  district,  or  near 
natural  resources. 


SOCIAL  DEVELOPMENT 

The  Early  Settlers.  —  Think  of  the  early  settler  in  New  York 
as  he  pushed  into  the  woods,  cleared  the  trees  off  a  little  tract 
of  land,  built  a  log  cabin,  and  became  farmer,  fisherman,  quarry- 
man,  and  manufacturer,  all  in  one.  He  and  his  family  raised 
their  own  grain,  vegetables,  and  fruit ;  they  trapped  game, 
caught  fish,  raised  stock ;  they  made  their  own  cloth  and  manu- 


SOCIAL  DEVELOPMENT 


61 


Log  House. 


factiired  their  own  clothing  and  whatever  else  they  needed  in  their 
daily  life.  Soon,  however,  others  settled  near  them,  and  then 
each  man  began  to  devote 
himself  to  doing;  the  thing- 
lie  was  best  fitted  to  do. 
If  he  could  shoe  horses, 
lie  set  up  a  blacksmith 
shop ;  if  he  could  make 
clothes,  he  set  up  a  tail- 
or's shop ;  if  he  was  a 
miller,  he  built  a  mill  at  a 
convenient  waterfall,  and 
ground  into  Hour  the  grain  which  tlie  farmers  brought  him. 
Others  devoted  themselves  to  carpentry,  others  to  masonry,  others 
to  manufacturing  of  one  kind  or  another. 

Naturally  these  different  people  grouped  themselves  together 
in  a  village,  and  then  was  established  the  village  store,  where  one 
could  make  a  great  variety  of  purchases  —  an  iron  pail,  a  lace 
handkerchief,  dried  fish,  or  a  box  of  axle  grease. 

The  doctor  and  the  minister  and  the  lawyer  settled  in  the 
village,  and  schools  and  churches  were  built.  Before  many  years 
elapsed,  the  little  village  grew  to  a  large  town,  or  perhaps,  if  it 
was  fortunately  located  so  that  railroads  or  waterways  made  it  a 
commercial  center,  it  became  a  great  city. 

Country  Life.  —  All  this  while,  many  other  people  preferred 
to  remain  in  the  country,  making  their  living  as  farmers,  so  that 
to-day,  within  the  state  of  New  York,  we  find  miles  after  miles 
of  rich  farm  land  and  again  hundreds  of  cities  and  villages. 


62 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOKK 


Modern  Farmhouse  and  Barns. 


And  how  different  is  the  farm  hfe  from  that  of  the  city ! 
The  boy  who  lives  on  the  farm  gets  up  very  early,  — perhaps  at 
four  o'clock  in  summer,  —  helps  with  the  "  chores,"  milking  the 

cows ;  feeding  the  horses, 
cattle,  pigs,  and  chickens 
and  other  live  stock ;  fetch- 
ing water  from  the  well 
or  spring,  carrying  it  by 
the  pailful  several  rods  to 
the  house  ;  and  bringing  in 
great  armfuls  of  firewood. 
The  farmer's  family,  with 
perhaps  a  hired  man  "  or 
two,  are  the  only  persons 
living  in  the  good-sized, 
two-story  house,  and  the  nearest  neighbor  is  probably  a  quarter 
of  a  mile  away  —  often  farther.    After  breakfast,  the  boy,  with 


A  Country  Schoolhouse. 


SOCIAL  DEVELOPMENT 


63 


his  lunch  pail  in  hand,  will  trudge  a  mile  or  so  to  school.  The 
schoolhouse  is  a  one-room  frame  buildinu\  and  if  there  are 
twenty  pupils  present,  it  is  considered  a  large  attendance.  If  the 
country  boy  wishes  to  mail  a  letter  or  get  any  mail  which  may 
have  been  sent  him,  he  often  has  a  long  walk  or  ride  to  the 
nearest  village  post  office.  If  he  goes  out  for  the  evening,  unless 
it  is  a  brio-ht  moonliu-ht  niu^lit,  he 
will  have  to  carry  a  lantern  or 
fasten  one  on  his  carriau^e  or 
sleigh.  But  he  usually  gets  to 
bed  early  so  as  to  rise  the  next 
day  with  the  sun. 

City  Life.  —  What  a  different 
story  is  the  life  of  the  city  boy 
or  girl,  who  lives  perhaps  in  a 
house  not  more  than  twenty  feet 
wide,  with  other  houses  close  up 
on  each  side,  and  mavbe  with  a 
back  yard  some  forty  feet  long, 
or  else  in  an  "  apartment "  or 
"  flat "  house  where  from  three 
to  a  dozen  families  all  live.  In  this  case  each  familv  has  some 
half-dozen  rooms  where  its  daily  life  is  carried  on.  The  city 
boy's  ''milking"  is  not  more  than  going  to  the  front  door  and 
taking  in  the  bottle  or  pail  of  milk  which  the  milkman  left 
there ;  there  is  no  fetching  water,  because  the  city  reservoir  sup- 
plies every  house ;  there  is  probably  no  firewood  to  bring  in, 
because  coal  or  gas  is  generally  used  as  fuel.    And  so  the  city 


An  Apartment  House. 


64 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOEK 


boy  has  few  chores/'  and  he  does  not  get  up  so  early  as  his 
country  cousin.  The  scliool  which  he  attends  may  be  but  a  few 
rods  away  —  a  four-story  building  of  brick  and  stone  with  2000 
or  more  pupils  in  daily  attendance.  Living  so  near  the  school, 
he  can  oo  home  to  his  lunch.  If  he  wants  to  call  on  his  friends 
or  go  down  town  "  to  the  large  shops,  he  can  go  by  street 
car,  electric  or  cable,  or  perhaps  by  an  elevated  road  or  a  sub- 
way." If  he  goes  out  at  night,  he  finds  the  streets  well  liglited 
with  public  lamps,  and  there  are  many  places  of  anuisement  open 
every  evening.    His  letters  are  brought  to  his  house  by  a  letter 

carrier,  who  makes  sev- 


eral trips  a  day,  and  to 
mail  a  letter  requires 
but  a  few  steps  to  a 
letter  box. 


GOVERNMENT 

In  every  govern- 
ment a  few  of  the  peo- 
ple are  selected  to  make 
laws  for  the  good  of 
all   and   to   see  that 


The  Senate  Chamber  at  Albany. 


those  laws  are  obeyed.  The  government  of  the  state  of  New 
York,  like  that  of  the  United  States,  has  three  branches.  First, 
there  is  a  legislative  branch  consisting  of  a  Senate  of  50  mem- 
bers and  an  Assembly  of  150  members,  elected  by  the  people  of 
the  various  districts  into  which  the  state  is  divided.    The  legis- 


GOVERNMENT 


65 


The  State  Capitol. 

lators  make  the  laws  for  the  state.  Second,  there  is  the  execu- 
tive branch,  consisting  of  a  governor  and  other  state  officers  who 
are  elected  by  all  the  people  of  the  state.  The  governor,  who 
appoints  many  assistants,  sees  that  the  people  obey  the  laws. 
Third,  there  is  a  judicial  branch,  consisting  of  judges  and  other 
officers  of  the  courts,  all  of  whom  are  elected  by  the  people.  The 
duty  of  these  is  to  settle  disputes  about  the  laws,  and  also  to 
punish  people  who  break  the  laws,  thus  administering  justice  to 
all  the  inhabitants  of  the  state. 

Besides  this  state  government,  each  county  has  a  govern- 
ment to  look  after  matters  which  relate  only  to  its  own  county 


66 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOKK 


—  a  Ijoard  of  supervisors  for  law-making,  a  sheriff  and  other 
officers  for  hiw  enforcing,  and  county  courts  for  law  judging. 

As  each  county  is  divided  into  towns,  there  is  another  set 
of  officials  to  attend  to  the  matters  of  purely  town  government, 
and  in  the  same  way  each  of  the  cities  of  the  state  has  a  city 
government. 

The  headquarters  of  the  state  government  is  in  the  capitol 
building  at  Albany.  This  magnificent  granite  structure,  located 
on  the  principal  height  of  the  city,  is  visible  for  miles  around. 


EDUCATIONAL  CENTERS 

One  of  the  causes  of  the  importance  of  New  York  state  is 
the  attention  given  to  education.     To-day  not  only  has  every 

cliild    an    opportunity  of 
getting  a  free  schooling, 
but  he  is  compelled  to  go 
to  school  whether  he  and 
his  parents  wish  it  or  not. 
Forty  millions  of  dollars  is 
spent  upon  public  educa- 
tion every  year.  Through- 
out the   state   are  more 
than  eleven  thousand  coun- 
try schoolhouses.    In  the  larger  villages  there  is  usually  what  k 
known  as  a  Union  School,  which  contains  a  high-school  depart- 
ment.   In  the  cities,  boards  of  education  make  laws  and  require 
ments  suited  to  the  needs  of  the  local  schools. 


Columbia  University. 


EDUCATIONAL  CENTERS 


67 


Copj'right,  1900,  by  Detroit  Photographic  Co. 

Cornell  University. 


Besides  these,  there  are 
the  colleges,  most  of  which 
are  private  institutions,  in 
which  the  students  pay  for 
their  instruction.  When 
a  student  graduates  from  a 
college  or  university  he  re- 
ceives a  diploma  on  which 
is  written  the  degree  or 
standing  which  he  has  at- 
tained. In  New  York  there 
are  twenty-seven  colleges  that  confer  degrees  on  their  graduates. 

Of  these  colleges,  Columbia  University,  organized  as  King's 
College  in  1754,  the  largest  in  the  state,  is  situated  on  Morning- 
side  Heights  in  New  York  city.  New  York  University,  organ- 
ized in  1831,  situated  on  University  Heights^  and  the  College  of 
the  City  of  New  York,  organized  in  1848  as  the  New  York  Free 

Academy,  are  the  next  in 
size  and  importance  in  New. 
York  city.  Cornell  Uni- 
versity, beautifully  located 
at  Ithaca,  on  Cayuga  Lake, 
is  the  second  college  of  the 
state.  Poughkeepsie  is  the 
seat  of  Vassar  College,  one 
of  the  leading  schools  in 
the  United  States  for  the 
VASSAR  College.  education  of  womcn. 


68 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 


There  is  at  Albany  the  State  Normal  College  which  prepares 
its  pupils  to  become  teachers,  and  eleven  normal  schools  at  dif- 
ferent points  throughout  the  state  carry  on  the  same  work. 

At  West  Point,  commanding  the  Hudson  to  botli  north  and 
south,  is  the  United  States  Military  Academy,  which  is  governed 

by  the  War  Department  of 


the  United  States.  Here 
young  men  are  trained  to 
become  army  officers,  and 
each  graduate  receives  a 
second  lieutenant's  com- 
mission in  the  regular 
army. 

But   schools  are  not 
the  only  educational  insti- 

United  States  Military  Academy,  West  Point.     tutions      At    Albany  are 

located  the  State  Museum  and  the  State  Library,  containing 
thousands  of  volumes.  There  are  many  other  large  and  impor- 
tant libraries,  all  of  which,  together  with  museums  and  other 
opportunities  to  increase  one's  knowledge,  do  their  great  work 
in  the  education  and  refinement  of  the  people. 


This  study  of  our  state,  though  brief,  will  serve  to  show  how 
well  New  York  merits  its  proud  title  of  Empire  State. 


THE  CITY  OF  YORK 

INTRODUCTIOX 

The  city  of  New  York  is  divided  into  five  boroughs. 

The  borough  of  Manhattan  inchides  all  of  Manhattan  Island, 
whose  northern  boundary  is  the  Harlem  River.  It  includes  also 
Governors,  Bedloes,  Ellis,  Oyster,  Blackwells,  Randalls,  and  Wards 
islands.  The  borough  of  The  Bronx  lies  north  and  east  of  Man- 
hattan and  extends  to  the  northern  limits  of  the  citv.  The 
borough  of  Brooklyn  covers  the  area  of  Kings  County,  and  is  the 
old  city  of  Ih'ooklyn.  It  is  surrounded  by  the  East  River,  the 
borough  of  Queens.  New  York  Bay,  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
The  ))orouy:h  of  Queens  extends  from  Brooklvn  to  Nassau  Coimtv 
on  the  east.  The  borough  of  Richmond  comprises  all  of  Staten 
Island. 

The  city  of  New  York  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  who  is 
assisted  in  each  borough  by  a  borough  president. 

The  area  of  the  city  is  318  square  miles,  of  which  the  largest 
borough.  Queens,  covers  124  square 'miles,  and  the  smallest,  Man- 
hattan, 22  square  miles.  The  vast  city  has  4,767,000  people, 
about  half  of  whom  are  in  the  little  borough  of  Manhattan.  Rich- 
mond has  the  smallest  population,  although  it  outranks  m  area 
both  the  borough  of  Manhattan  and  the  borough  of  Brooklyn. 

69 


72 


THE  CITY  OF  :^^EW  YORK 


NEW  YORK   CITY  AS  AN  INDUSTRIAL  AND  COMMER- 
CIAL CENTER 

Although  we  generally  think  of  New  York  as  a  city  chiefly 
devoted  to  trade  or  commerce,  we  must  not  lose  sight  of  the  fact 

that  it  is  a  great  indus- 
trial center  as  well. 

Of  course  the  indus- 
tries common  in  the  rural 
parts  of  the  state  are  not 
found  here  to  any  great 
extent,  although  it  is  true 
that  within  the  limits  of 
the  city  of  New  York  we 
do  find  good  fishing,  and 
even  some  farming  is  still 
done.  But  every  year  sees 
more  and  more  of  the  old  farms  in  the  outskirts  of  the  city 
giving  place  to  the  real  city  life  and  to  those  industries  that  are 
more  common  in  a  great  city.  The  most  important  of  these 
industries  is  manufacturing,  and  it  is  due  to  this  especially  that 
New  York  leads  as  an  industrial  center.  When  we  consider  that 
in  manufacturing.  New  York  is  the  leading  city  of  the  world,  we 
have  one  of  the  best  standards  by  which  to  measure  its  greatness. 
This  alone  would  lead  to  a  vast  commerce ;  for  we  must  dispose 
of  the  manufactured  products,  and  so  we  send  them  by  land  and 
by  sea  to  all  parts  of  the  globe.    These  we  call  our  exports,  and  in 


Loading  Goods  for  Export. 


AN  INDUSTRIAL  AND  COMMERCIAL  CENTER 


73 


the  total  exports  of  New  York  city  we  must  include  those  goods 
that  come  through  it  from  the  north,  the  south,  and  the  west, 
bound  for  foreign  lands.  The  commerce  of  the  city  includes  also 
the  great  import  trade,  goods  brought  in  ships  to  New  York 
from  foreign  ports,  some  of  it  to  remain  there  and  some  to  pass 
J:hrough  on  the  way  to  the  inland  cities  of  the  United  States. 
These  imports  are  taxed  by  the  United  States  government,  which 
has  what  is  known  as  a  Customhouse,  in  New  York  city,  where 
the  customhouse  officers  collect  taxes,  known  as  customs  or 
duties,  on  the  goods  brought  into  the  port  from  foreign  countries. 
The  receipts  of  the  New  York  customhouse  are  enormous,  more 
than  those  of  all  the  other 
customhouses  of  the 
United  States  together. 

The  post  office  of  the 
3ity  distributes  about 
i,000,000  letters  a  day, 
which  shows  us  in  another 
way  what  an  enormous 
imount  of  business  nmst 

The  New  Customhouse. 

DC  done  in  the  city. 

An  important  aid  to  the  business  of  the  city  is  the  200 
Dr  more  banks,  where  merchants  and  others  may  deposit 
:heir  money  and  draw  against  it  by  check,  borrow  money  when 
:hev  need  it,  and  transact  other  business. 

AVith  all  these  signs  of  the  business  activity  of  New  York 
Defore  us,  it  is  not  difficult  to  realize  that  in  industry  and  wealth 
t  is  truly  the  Imperial  City  of  the  Western  Hemisphere. 


74 


THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 


PHYSICAL  CONDITIONS  DETERMINING  ITS  GROWTH 

AND  IMPORTANCE 

Situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson  River,  New  York 
naturally  receives  from  the  north  and  west  much  of  its  commerce, 
and  most  of  the  European  trade  reaches  or  goes  through  the  city. 
Its  location  on  one  of  the  finest  harbors  of  the  world  made  it 

even  from  the  very  first  a 
natural  trading  post.  Its 
climate  is  uniform  and 
moderate,  both  in  winter 
and  in  summer,  and  it  is 
remarkably  free  from  un- 
healthful  or  weakening 
surroundings.  Again,  the 
city  with  its  borough  har- 
bors and  coast  indenta- 
tions, has  a  water  front 
of  some  350  miles,  which  gives  it  by  far  the  greatest  shipping 
and  docking  advantages  of  any  city  in  the  world.  When  we 
consider,  further,  that  New  York  city  is  so  located  that  it  is 
easily  reached  by  all  railroad  lines,  from  north,  west,  south, 
.  and  east,  it  is  not  difficult  to  understand  why  it  is  the  me- 
tropolis of  the  Western  Hemisphere,  nor  to  prophesy  with  cer- 
tainty that  some  day  it  will  become  the  great  world  city,  of  a 
size  and  importance  far  beyond  that  of  any  city  the  world  has 
hitherto  known. 


Grand  Central  Depot,  Manhattan. 


TKANSPORTATION  AND  COMMUNICATION 


75 


MEANS  OF  TRANSPORTATION  AND  COMMUNICATION 

We  have  already  seen  how  man  in  his  efforts  to  make  trade 
md  travel  easy  has  improved  the  advantages  offered  him  in 
New  York  state ;  how  he  has  built  highways,  railroads,  canals, 
bridges,  steamships.  New  York  city  shows,  even  more  than 
the  rest  of  the  state,  what  wonders  the  mind  and  hand  of 
man  may  accomplish. 

The  ordinary  means  of  travel  within  the  limits  of  New  York 
city  to-day  are  :  elevated  roads,  surface  cars,  underground  rail- 
ways, ferries,  and  bridges. 

Elevated  roads,  of  which  the  first  was  built  in  1876,  are 
found  in  the  boroughs  of  Manhattan,  The  Bronx,  and  Brooklyn. 
These  were  the  earliest  means  of  rapid  travel  in  New  York  city. 
For  five  cents,  one  may  travel  from  the  Battery  by  way  of 
Second  or  Third  Avenue  through  Harlem,  and  well  into  The 
Bronx  ;  or,  from  the  same  starting  point,  by  way  of  Sixth  or 
Ninth  avenues,  to  the  Harlem  River  at  155th  Street,  where  con- 
nections are  made  with  the  trains  of  the  New  York  and  Northern 
Railway  for  the  city  limits  and  the  suburban  towns.  From  the 
Manhattan  end  of  the  Brooklyn  Bridge  one  may  journey  on 
the  elevated  road  to  Coney  Island,  to  Ridgewood,  or  to  Jamaica, 
and  from  the  Manhattan  end  of  the  Williamsburg  Bridge,  an- 
other route  to  Jamaica  and  Ridgewood  is  open.  The  trains  on 
the  elevated  roads  are  now  operated  by  electricity. 

Surface  cars  on  most  lines  are  run  by  electricity,  though 
in  a  few  cases  by  cable  or  even  by  horses.    A  great  network  of 


70 


THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 


surface  cars  spreads  over  the  city,  making  it  possible  for  people  to 
travel  about  with  speed  and  convenience  to  all  parts  of  the  town. 

If  the  tracks  of  elevated  and  surface  roads  in  New  York  city 
were  in  one  straight  line,  they  would  reach  to  Kansas  Citj^,  while 

the  surface  lines  alone  would 
take  us  well  beyond  Chicago. 

The    Subway.  —  Another 
system   of    rapid    transit  is 
known  as  the  Subway.  Start- 
ing from  the   post  office  in 
i:auly  SiKAM  fkrhvbuat.  Mauhattau,  one  branch  runs 

underground  to  42d  Street  and  Fourth  Avenue,  then  along  42d 
Street  and  out  Broadway  to  Kingsbridge.  A  branch  from  104th 
Street  tunnels  the  Harlem 
River  and  extends  to  West 
Farms.  The  Subway  also 
runs  under  Broadwav  and 
Whitehall  Street,  under  the 
East  River,  and  to  the  corner 
of  Flatbush  and  Atlantic 
avenues,  in  Brooklyn.  An- 
other system  connects  Man- 
hattan with  Jersey  City  and 
Hoboken  by  tunnels  under  the  Hudson.  No  one  who  has  not 
traveled  during  "  rush  hours "  can  form  any  idea  of  the  vast 
throng  of  people  that  crowd  the  cars  and  ferries  of  the  great  city. 

Ferries.  —  As  the  boroughs  of  the  city  are  separated  mostly 
Dy  bodies  of  water,  the  ferries,  of  which  there  are  fifty,  do  a 


Ferryboat  of  the  Present  Time. 


TRANSPORTATION  AND  COMMUNICATION 


77 


very  important  work.  The  oldest  ferry  in  New  York,  dating 
back  to  Dutch  colonial  times,  is  the  present  Fulton  Ferry,  con- 
necting Fulton  Street,  Manhattan,  with  Fulton  Street,  Brooklyn. 


Brooklyn  Bridge. 

Bridges.  —  Finding  tliat  the  ferries  would  soon  be  unable  to 
cany  the  increasing  crowds  between  New  York  and  Brooklyn, 
the  people  of  those  cities  decided  to  have  a  bridge,  and,  in  1(S70, 
the  famous  Brooklyn  Bridge  was 
built  to  span  the  East  River.  This 
remarkable  structure  was  one  of 
the  world's  wonders.  Its  entire 
length  is  over  a  n)ile,  and  the 
central  span  measures  1600  feet, 
lis  floor  at  the  highest  point  is 
135  feet  from  the  river,  so  that 
sailing^  craft  can  managre  to  q-q 
under  it  easilv.  It  has  a  road- 
way,  a  promenade,  and  tracks 
for  elevated  trains  and  surface 
cars. 


The  AVilliamsburo;  Bridge 


Williamsburg  Bridge. 


78 


THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 


crosses  the  East  River  between  Delancey  Street,  Manhattan,  and 
South  5th  Street,  Brooklyn.  Manhattan  Bridge  crosses  the  East 
River  between  Canal  Street,  Manhattan,  and  Nassau  Street, 
Brooklyn.  The  Queen  sboro  Bridge  crosses  the  East  River 
between  59th  Street,  Manhattan,  and  Crescent  Street,  Queens. 
High  Bridge,  crossing  the  Harlem  River  at  175th  Street,  was 
built  in  1842  to  carry  the  water  from  the  Croton  Aqueduct  into 
New  York  city.  Washington  Bridge,  a  handsome  structure  sup- 
ported by  massive  but  graceful  arches,  connects  West  181st  Street 
with  The  Bronx.  Other  bridges  are  planned  to  span  the  East 
and  Harlem  rivers,  and  one  is  even  projected  to  cross  the  Hudson. 


High  Bridge. 


PUBLIC  WORKS 

Water  Works.  —  Probably  the  most  difficult  of  our  public 
problems  is  to  supply  about  5,000,000  people  with  good  water 
in  sufficient  quantities  for  daily  use.  The  supply  in  Manhat- 
tan is  drawn  from  the  Croton  River,  and  from  a  number  of 
lakes  in  Putnam  and  Westchester  counties.    Immense  dams  have. 


PUBLIC  WOKKS 


79 


been  built  on  the  Croton  River  and  on  these  lakes,  which  raise 
the  water  in  some  places  over  100  feet.  This  brings  an  immense 
quantity  of  water  into  the  city.  It  is  pumped  from  the  main 
reservoir  in  Central  Park  through  iron  mains  laid  under  the  sur- 
face of  the  streets.  The  higlier  portions  of  the  city  are  sup- 
plied from  the  High  Briclge 
reservoir,  and  the  one  at 
97th  Street  and  Ninth 
Avenue.  Brooklyn  is  sup- 
plied mainly  through  the 
Ridge  wood  reservoir,  from 
the  streauis  and  lakes  of 
Long  Island.  An  immense 
reservoir  at  Jerome  Park 
will  contain  1,500,000,000 
gallons  of  water  when 
completed.  It  is  estimated 
that  over  250,000,000  gallons  are  consumed  daily  in  Manhattan 
and  The  Bronx,  and  100,000,000  in  Brooklyn. 

All  this  water  must  in  one  form  or  another  be  disposed  of, 
and  for  this  purpose  immense  sewers  or  drains,  some  of  them 
fifteen  feet  wide,  extending  under  the  streets  of  the  city,  back 
and  forth  and  across  some  1500  miles,  carry  off  the  waste  and 
deposit  it  far  out  in  the  rivers.  The  fact  that  water  is  not 
allowed  to  lie  stagnant  in  the  city  prevents  a  great  deal  of 
disease. 

Streets  and  Driveways.  —  Different  commissioners  are  ap- 
pointed to  look  after  the  opening  of  new  streets  and  the  closing 


Reservoir,  High  Bridge. 


80 


THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 


Washington  Bridge  and  Harlem  Eiver  Driveway. 


of  old  ones,  to  see  that 
the  streets  are  kept 
clean  and  free  from 
snow,  to  build  boule- 
vards (like  the  Riverside 
Drive  in  Manhattan, 
the  Southern  Boule- 
vard in  The  Bronx,  and 
the  Eastern  Parkway  in 
Brooklyn),  speedways 
(like  the  Harlem  River 
Driveway  in  Manhat- 
tan), and  cycle  paths  (like  that  on  the  Ocean  Parkway  in  Brook- 
lyn, extending  from  Prospect  Park  to  Coney  Island). 

Docks  and  Piers.  —  The  docks  and  piers  of  New  York  city 
are  controlled  by  one  of  the  departments  of  the  city  government, 
w^hich  builds,  repairs, 
and  rents  the  wharves 
that  line  the  shores  of 
Manhattan  and  Brook- 
lyn. There  are  about 
130  piers  on  the  island 
of  Manhattan.  Be- 
tween 12th  and  Canal 
streets  are  located  the 
piers  of  most  of  the 
great  ocean  liners,  and 

near  and  below  Canal  driveway  in  central  park. 


PARKS 


81 


Street  are  the  river  and  coastwise  steamers.  Farther  down  the 
i  river  the  docks  are  mainly  those  of  the  ferries  and  freight  hnes. 

Extensive  shipping  is  carried  on  also  on  both  sides  of  the  East 
i  River.    At  the  foot  of 

Canal  Street  the  Ocean 

Steamship  Company 

has    a   steam  -  heated 

wharf  for  the  storaQ-e 

of  southern  fruit.  A 

tour  of  the  water  front 

of  New  York  city  would 

be  a  trip  of  great  value 

even  to  the  citv  bov 

or   girl.     In  such  a 

walk  he  might  study 

many  things  of  inter- 
est ;  the  names  and  nationalities  of  the  ships  painted  at  their 

sterns,  the  different  cargoes  loading  and  unloading,  and  the  flags 

of  the  different  nations  afloat  at  the  mastheads. 


Piers  and  Docks,  East  River. 


PARKS 

The  people  of  a  busy  commercial  city  whose  lives  are  passed 
in  the  hurry  and  rush  of  exciting  events,  must  find  some  means 
of  refreshing  body  and  mind.  Foremost  among  these  means  are 
our  parks,  many  of  them  in  the  very  heart  of  the  crowded  city, 
where  the  people  may  enjoy  open  fields,  green  grass,  and  shaded 
walks,  without  having  to  go  out  into  the  country.    The  most 


I 


82 


THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 


famous  of  these  city 
breathing  places  is  Cen- 
tral Park,  which  lies 
almost  in  the  center  of 
Manhattan,  extending 
in  length  from  59th  to 
110th  streets,  a  distance 
of  two  and  one  half 
miles,  and  half  a  mile 
in  width.  Central  Park 

View  in  Central  Park.  haS    been   in  existence 

for  nearly  half  a  century.  In  the  center  of  Brooklyn  is  Prospect 
Park,  over  half  the  size  of  Central  Park,  and  scarcely  less  famous. 
Adjoining  Prospect  Park  is  what  is  known  as  the  Parade  Ground, 
where  one  may  see  thousands  of 
men  and  boys  playing  baseball  or 
football  durino;  the  season.  Each 
of  these  large  parks  has  acres  of 
beautiful  meadow  and  woodland, 
with  miles  of  well-made,  wide, 
and  shaded  driveways,  and  charm- 
ing paths  across  the  fields,  over 
hills,  and  through  ravines.  Each 
has  a  lake  of  several  acres,  on 
which  are  launches  and  rowboats 
in  summer,  and  which,  when 
frozen  over  in  winter,  are  thrown 

open   to   thousands   of   skaters,    iviaryland  monument,  prospect  park. 


PARKS 


83 


Each,  too,  is  made  more  beautiful  by  the  addition  of  many 
handsome  stone  arches  and  bridges^  ornamental  rustic  houses, 
and  monuments  of  bronze 
and  of  marble.  Among 
the  monuments  in  Central 
Park  the  most  striking  is 
the  Egyptian  obelisk, 
known  as  Cleopatra's  Nee- 
dle, ^^'hicll  was  presented  to 
the  city  by  the  Khedive  of 
Egypt  in  1877.  It  is  about 
3500  years  old,  dating  back 
before  the  time  of  Moses. 

In  The  Bronx  there  are  emuance  tu  i'kusi-ect  fauk. 

several  parks,  two  of  them,  Van  Cortlandt  and  Pelham  Bay, 

nnich  laro-er  than  Cen- 
tral  Park,  but  as  yet 
not  fully  developed. 
Van  Cortlandt  Park,  in 
the  western  part  of  the 
borough,  is  a  beautiful 
forest  of  1100  acres  in 
which  is  located  the  old 
Van  Cortlandt  Manor 
House,  now  used  as  a 

View  in  Central  Park.  mUSCUm.     BrOUX  Park, 

which  contains  the  botanical  gardens,  the  zoological  gardens,  the 
famous  rocking  stone^  and  the  Lorillard  Mansion,  bids  fair  to  be 


84 


THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 


Van  Cortlandt  Manor  House. 


the  most  beautiful  of  all, 
especially  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  Bronx  River. 
Pelham  Bay  Park,  twice 
the  size  of  Central  Park,  is 
in  the  northeastern  part  of 
the  borough,  and  stretches 
along  by  the  Sound  to 
the  northern  city  limits. 
These  three  parks  are  con- 
nected by  magnificent  road- 
ways. 

In  addition  to  the  large  parks,  there  are  more  than  a- hundred 
small  parks  or  squares,  each  of  only  a  few 
acres,  yet  scattered  about  in  such  a  way  that 
nearly  every  inhabitant  has  one  of  these  open 
spots  somewhere  near  his  home.  Of  these, 
Union  Square,  Madison  Square,  Tompkins 
Square,  Bowling  Green,  Stuyvesant  Square  — 
all  in  Manhattan  —  are  perhaps  the  best  known. 

PUBLIC  SCHOOLS 

The  history  of  education  in  New  York  city 
may  be  said  to  have  begun  when  the  first 
Dutch  schoolmaster,  Adam  Boelandsen,  set  up 
his  little  school  in  New  Amsterdam  in  1633, 

Ti  in  pjii        •!  1  The  Obelisk, 

and  began  to  rmg  bells,  comiort  the  sick,  and       central  park. 


PUBLIC  SCHOOLS 


85 


A  New  York  School  Building. 


take  in  washing  to  eke  out  a  poor  living.  From  this  small  begin- 
ning, our  great  school  system  of  to-day  has  grown,  in  which  600,- 
000  children  attend  the 
public  schools  in  500  differ- 
ent buildings  where  13,- 
000  teachers  do  their  daily 
work.  In  this  vast  system 
pupils  from  the  kindergar- 
ten to  the  college  are  edu- 
cated at  the  expense  of  the 
city,  and  the  money  for  this 
purpose  is  raised  almost 
entirely  by  a  tax  on  the 
property  owners  of  the  city. 

Some  of  the  buildings  used  by  the  New  York  public  schools 

are  magnificent  and  pos- 
sess every  advantage  for 
the  comfort  and  education 
of  the  school  children. 
Many  of  them  seat  3000 
children.  One  of  the  new 
schools  is  a  six-storv  struc- 
ture  desig-ned  to  seat  5000 
pupils,  and  a  number  of 
elevators  will  convey  the 
children  to  the  upper  floors. 
In  the  public  schools,  besides  the  regular  studies,  English, 
arithmetic,  geography,  history,  etc.,  the  girls  are  instructed  in 


A  Class  in  Carpentry  Work. 


86 


THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 


Hall  of  the  Board  of  Education. 


sewing,  and  where  possi- 
ble, the  girls  learn  cooking 
and  the  boys  do  carpentry 
work. 

The  High  Schools,  of 
which  there  are  twenty, 
furnish  a  more  complete 
education  to  those  desir- 
ing it,  and  prepare  many 
of  their  pupils  for  college. 

The   College  of  the 
City  of  New  York  is  free 
to  the  graduates  of  the  city  high  schools. 

The  elementary  schools,  high  schools,  and  the  college  are 
under  the  control  of  the  Board  of  Education,  whose  imposing 
building  is  located  at  59th  Street  and  Park  Avenue,  Manhattan. 
This  Board,  consisting  of  forty-six  members,  elects  a  City  Superin- 
tendent of  Schools,  whose 


duty  it  is  to  see  that  the 
laws  of  the  Board  are  en- 
forced. 

Summer  schools  and 
summer  playgrounds  are 
supported  by  the  city  for 
the  children  of  the  more 
crowded  sections  ;  and  in 
the  different  boroughs  there 
are  eighty  or  more  evening 


At  4.N  ElvENiijG  JuECfUfis;, 


OTHER  PUBLIC  INSTITUTIONS 


87 


schools,  where  men  and  women,  as  well  as  working  boys  and 
girls,  are  given  a  chance  to  get  an  education.  In  many  of  the 
schools,  public  evening  lectures  on  all  subjects  are  given,  which 
the  parents  of  the  pupils  attend  in  large  numbers. 

OTHER  PUBLIC  INSTITUTIONS 

Libraries.  —  New  York  city  has  many  other  means  besides 
public  schools  and  public  lectures  for  the  education  of  her  citizens, 
and  probably  next  in  importance  comes  the  vast  system  of  public 
libraries.  The  efforts  to  provide  free  books  for  the  reading 
public  of  the  city  has  resulted  in  the  union  of  five  great  sources, 
—  the  Astor  Library,  in  Lafayette  Place,  the  Lenox  Lil^rary, 
on  Fifth  Avenue  and  71st  Street,  the  Tilden  bequest,  the  for- 
mer New  York  Free  Chculating  Library,  and  lastly  the  fund 
of  over  $5,000,000  given  by  Andrew  Carnegie.  The  central 
building  of  the  new  library,  which  has  branches  in  all  the 
boroughs,  is  being  erected  on  Fifth  Avenue,  extending  from  40th 
to  42d  streets,  and  it  will  be  the  largest  library  building  in  the 
world. 

Museums.  —  The  American  Museum  of  Natural  History 
occupies  the  long  block  on  77th  Street,  between  Central  Park 
and  Columbus  Avenue.  This  mammoth  building,  now  only 
about  one  quarter  complete,  has  a  frontage  of  nearly  one  sixth  of 
a  mile,  and  is  a  most  imposing  structure.  Here  may  be  seen  a 
wonderful  collection  of  stuffed  birds  and  other  animals,  and 
many  curious  collections  of  fossils  and  mummies  and  relics  of 
living  and  extinct  nations  and  tribes.    It  would  take  years  to 


88 


THE  OITY  OF  NEW  YORK 


The  Museum  of  Natural  History. 


study  carefully  all  that  is  here  exhibited,  but  even  a  single  visit 
to  it  is  very  profitable. 

The  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art  is  located  in  Central  Park 
on  the  Fifth  Avenue  side,  fronting  on  83d  Street.  In  it  one  may 
see  the  works  of  the  greatest  of  the  world's  sculptors,  w^orkings  in 

bronze,  famous  histori- 


cal tapestries,  vases, 
pottery,  and  porcelains 
of  all  ages.  Paint- 
ings by  Rosa  Bonheur, 
Meissonier,  Breton, 
and  many  of  the  old 
masters.  Van  Dyck, 
Velasquez,  Rubens,  Ho- 
garth, Rembrandt,  are 
here. 


The  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art. 


OTHER  PUBLIC  INSTITUTIONS 


89 


^^^^^ 

r ' ' 

The  Botanical  Garden. 


The  New  York  Botanical  Garden  occupies  250  acres  of  land  in 
Bronx  Park  on  the  Harlem  Railroad.  The  t^arden  is  beincr  filled 
with  hardy  plants, 
both  American  and  for- 
eign; the  more  delicate 
specimens  of  plants, 
not  adapted  to  our  cli- 
mate, are  exhibited  in- 
doors. Near  by  are 
the  New  York  Zoolog- 
ical Gardens,  where 
many  varieties  of  birds  and  other  animals  are  kept  in  immense 
cages,  large  enough  for  them  to  continue  their  accustomed  habits 

of  life.  Ranges  are 
made  for  buffaloes, 
dens  for  wolves  and 
bears,  ponds  for  beaver, 
seals,  and  alligators, 
houses  for  monkeys, 
and  for  all  kinds  of 
reptiles. 

While  making  the 
round  of  the  museums 
one  must  not  fail  to 
\asit  the  New  York 
Aquarium  at  Battery 
Park  in  the  old  immis^rant  buildino-,  Castle  Garden.  Here  are 
found  fishes  from  all  the  waters  of  the  United  States,  and 


The  Zoological  Gardens. 


90 


THE  CITY  OF  NEW 


YORK 


the  hundred  and  more 
tanks  occupied  by 
them  furniish  subjects 
for  study  and  amuse- 
ment. 

Among  the  other 
free  amusements  for 
the    people    are  the 


The  Aquarium  —  Exterior. 

Recreation  Piers,  immense 
halls  built  out  over  the 
entire  length  of  some  pf 
the  large  piers  on  the 
rivers,  where 
the  people  of 
the  crowded 
districts  may 
enjoy  on  the 

hot  summer  nights  the  breezes  that  blow  over  the 
river  and  the  music  which  the  city  furnishes  for 
their  pleasure. 

Monuments.  —  To  keep  before  the  minds  of  our 
busy  people  the  memory  of  great  men  who  have 
died,   many   monuments   have    been  erected 
throughout  the  city.     There  are  statues  of 
Columbus,  Stuy  vesant,  Washington,  Lafayette, 
Statue  OF  Nathan  Hale.    Franklin,  Webster,  Lincoln,  Grant,  Shake- 


Thb  Aquarium  —  Interior. 


OTHEE,  PUBLIC  INSTITUTIONS  '  91 


The  Washington  Arch. 

may  be  treated  for  disease 
The  Navy  Yard  of  the 
Wall  about  Bay  on  the 
East  River,  in  Brooklyn. 
The  immense  grounds, 
covering  nearly  150 
acres,  present  many 
interesting  sights. 
Among  them  are  can- 
non and  trophies  of 
many  wars.  The  stone 
dry-docks,  capable  of 
launching  a  first-class 
battle  ship,  are  of  spe- 


speare,  Irving,  Scott,  Morse,  and 
many  other  famous  soldiers,  states- 
men, authorSj  and  inventors.  The 
Washington  Arch,  at  the  foot 
of  Fifth  Avenue  on  Washington 
Square,  was  erected  soon  after  the 
centennial  celebration  of  Wash- 
ington's inaugural. 

Charities.  —  An  important 
branch  of  the  city  government, 
established  to  protect  the  health  of 
the  poorer  classes,  is  the  Depart- 
ment of  Public  Charities,  which 
provides  stations  wdiere  patients 
or  undergo  operations. 
United  States  is  located  at  the  head  of 


Entrance  to  the  Navy  Yard. 


92 


THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 


New  York  Post  Office,  Manhattan. 


cial  interest.  Many  vessels  of  the 
navy  are  stationed  here  at  differ- 
ent times,  and  may  be  boarded 
by  visitors  by  permit  from  their 
captains.  The  yard  was  founded 
in  1801,  and  is  under  the  control 
of  one  of  the  rear  admirals  of 
the  navy. 

Baths.  —  Many  public  baths 
are  located  along  the  river 
fronts.  During  the  summer 
months  the  daily  average  of  bath- 
ers is  60,000,  who  are  thus  en- 
abled to  enjoy  the  benefits  of  salt-water  bathing  witliout  expense. 

Public  Buildings.  —  The  New  York  Post  Office  building,  com- 
pleted in  1875,  is  located  at 
Broadway  and  Park  Row.  This 
office  has  many  stations  and  sub- 
stations scattered  throug^hout 
Manhattan  and  The  Bronx,  and 
handles  millions  of  letters  a  day. 
There  are  departments  for  the 
care  of  city  mail,  domestic  mail, 
foreign  mail,  registered  letters,  and 
special  delivery  letters.  Several 
ma^ls  are  distributed  daily,  and 
several  collections  are  made  dur- 
ing the  day  from  the  thousands  of 

Brooklyn  Post  Office. 


r 


OTHEK  PUBLIC  INSTITUTIONS 


93 


letter  boxes  along  the  streets.    The  Brooklyn  Post  Office  occupies 
a  fine,  large  building  at  the  corner  of  Washington  and  Johnson 
streets.    With  its  stations  and  substations,  the  service  is  as  good 
as  that  in  Manhattan. 
The  other  boroughs  are 
also  provided  with  post 
offices. 

In  the  City  Hall 
Park,  between  Broad- 
way and  the  Brooklyn 
Bridge,  and  just  north 
of  the  Post  Office,  is 
located  the  City  Hall, 


City  Hall. 

built  a  hundred  years  ago, 
one  of  the  most  perfect  ex- 
amples of  early  nineteenth- 
century  architecture  to  be 
found  in  the  state.  In  this 
building  are  the  offices  of 
the  mayor  and  his  assist- 
ants, of  the  borough  presi- 
dent and  other  officers  of 
the  borough  of  Manhattan.  Near  by  are  the  County  Court  House 
and  the  new  Hall  of  Records  which  was  built  to  take  the  place 
of  the  former  building  which  had  existed  since  colonial  times. 


Brooklyn  Borough  Hall. 


94 


THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 


The  former  City  Hall  of  Brooklyn,  now  known  as  the  Brook- 
lyn Borough  Hall,  is  located  in  the  triangle  bounded  by  Fulton, 
Joralemon,  and  Court  streets.  This  fine,  white  marble  building 
faces  a  well-kept  small  park,  and  contains  the  offices  of  the 
borough  president,  and  of  the  other  borough  officers.  The  County 
Court  House  is  near  by. 

The  State  Arsenal,  used  for  the  storage  of  arms  and  ammu- 
nition, is  located  at  the  corner  of  Seventh  Avenue  and  35th 

Street,  Manhattan.  The  city 
has  eighteen  armories  which 
the  various  regiments  of  the  na- 
tional guard,  the  signal  corps, 
squads  of  cavalry,  etc.,  use  for 
meetings,  drill,  and  storage  of 
arms  and  ammunition.  The 
national  guard  is  composed  of 
enlisted  citizens,  who  may  be 
called  out  to  protect  the  citizens 
of  the  state,  and  to  quell  riots  or  other  disturbances.  The  finest 
armories  in  the  city  are  those  of  the  7th,  22d,  and  71st  regiments 
of  Manhattan,  and  of  the  13th  and  23d  regiments  of  Brookljm, 
Police.  —  For  the  purpose  of  preserving  laAV  and  order  and  tor 
the  protection  of  life  and  property,  New  York  has  established  what 
is  generally  known  as  one  of  the  best  police  departments  in  the 
world.  There  are  nearly  8000  uniformed  police  on  the  force,  and 
the  system  is  divided  into  eighty  precincts,  with  a  captain  in 
command  of  each.  The  Central  Police  Office  is  in  Mulberry  Street, 
Manhattan,  where  the  chief  of  police  makes  his  headquarters. 


Armory  of  the  12th  Regiment. 


GREAT  MERCANTILE  CONCERNS 


95 


GREAT  MERCANTILE  CONCERNS 

From  the  very  beginning  of  cities  and  large  communities,  the 
different  trades,  or  as  they  were  once  called,  the  guilds,  lived  in 
localities  by  themselves.  This  was  true  in  the  old  Dutch  Colony 
days  in  New  Amsterdam,  where  different  trades  located  in  partic- 
ular streets,  that  took 
their  names  from  the 
trade  or  occupation  of 
the  dwellers  in  it. 

This  grouping  of 
occupations,  the  growth 
of  nearly  three  centu- 
ries in  New  York  city, 
is  also  true  of  the  great 
mercantile  concerns  of 
to-day,  especially  in  the 
borough  of  Manhattan. 
For  example,  the  great 
wholesale  dry-goods  houses  are  along  and  about  Broadway,  be- 
tween Prince  and  Reade  streets.  This  district  of  about  135 
acres  is  said  to  have  stored  in  it  a  larger  amount  of  merchandise 
than  can  be  found  within  an  equal  area  anywhere  else  in  the 
world. 

On  the  east  side  of  Manhattan,  south  of  the  Brooklyn  Bridge, 
is  the  district  known  as  the  "  Swamp,"  which  is  the  center  of 
the  trade  in  hides  and  leather. 

In  and  near  Maiden  Lane  is  the  wholesale  jewelry  district, 


Lower  Broadway. 


96 


THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 


while  up  town  are  the  fashionable  retail  shops,  in  which  are  dis- 
played rich  collections  of  precious  stones  and  metals. 

About  lower  Fifth  Avenue  are  most  of  the  important  book 
and  magazine  publishing  concerns. 

Most  of  the  great  newspaper  offices  are  grouped  in  Park 
Row,  near  the  City  Hall,  in  what  is  known  as  Printing  House 


Copyright,  1897,  by  C.  C.  Langill. 


Printing  House  Square  and  City  Hall  Park. 

Square,  in  the  center  of  which  stands  a  statue  of  Benjamin 
Franklin,  the  greatest  of  all  printers. 

Other  districts  are  especially  devoted  to  the  sale  of  cutlery 
and  hardware,  of  furniture,  of  clothing,  of  wooden  ware,  etc. 

While  retail  shops  of  all  kinds  are  to  be  found  throughout 
the  city,  there  are  certain  central  localities  where  have  grown  up 
what  we  call  "department  stores."    These  concerns,  occupying! 


GREAT  MERCANTILE  CONCERNS 


97 


Herald  Square  and  Intersection  of  Broadway  and  Sixth  Avenue, 


buildings  of  many  floors  and  immense  area,  sell  under  a  single 
roof  almost  any  line  of  articles  you  could  imagine  —  dress  goods, 
jewelry,  hardware,  furniture,  groceries,  and  even  meats  and  fish. 
The  main  department-store  district  of  Manhattan  is  along  Sixth 
Avenue  from  14th  to  33d  Street.  That  of  Brooklyn  is  centered 
on  Fulton  Street  below  Flatbush  Avenue. 

Most  of  the  goods  which  we  have  considered  are  staple 
articles  which  may  be  kept  in  stock  for  a  long  time,  but  much 
of  our  food,  such  as  vegetables,  fruits,  and  fresh  meat,  has  to  be 


98 


THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 


brought  to  the  city  daily  in  fresh  supply.  The  retail  grocer  or 
butcher  goes  every  morning  to  one  of  the  markets  where  he  buys 

his  clay's  supply  for  his 
local  trade.  There  are  a 
number  of  these  markets, 
the  chief  of  which  is  Wash- 
ington Market,  located  in 
lower  Manhattan,  wliere 
more  business  is  carried 
on  than  in  all  the  others 
combined.  In  Brooklyn, 
by  far  the  most  important 
wallabout  Market.  market  is  the  Wallabout, 

which  occupies  a  convenient  location  on  Wallabout  Bay,  and  in 
its  blocks  of  stores  constitutes  a  little  village  of  its  own. 

FINANCIAL  CONCERNS 

In  any  great  city  it  is  necessary  that  business  should  be  car- 
ried on  quickly  and  easily,  and  those  concerns  that  help  in  this 
respect  are  very  important.  There  are  the  regular  business  banks 
where  the  business  man  deposits  his  money.  By  doing  this  he  is 
able  to  pay  his  bills  by  writing"  checks,"  which  are  simply  orders 
to  the  bank  to  pay  out  a  part  or  all  of  the  money  he  has  de- 
posited there.  This  is  easier  and  more  convenient  than  keeping 
large  amounts  of  money  on  hand.  These  same  banks,  too,  loan 
money  to  the  business  man  when  he  wishes  to  buy  quantities  of 
goods  and  cannot  pay  for  them  until  after  he  has  sold  them. 


FINANCIAL  CONCERNS 


99 


Brooklyn  Savings  Bank. 


There  are  many  of  these  banks 
in  New  York  city,  and  some 
of  them  are  housed  in  very 
handsome  buildings. 

Besides  this  kind  of  bank 
there  are  Savings  Banks,  where 
people  of  limited  means  may 
deposit  their  money,  and  by 
leaving  it  with  the  bank  for 
months  at  a  time  earn  interest 
money  on  it. 

There  are  so  many  banks 
in  New  York  that  they  have 
what  is  known  as  a  Clearing 
House  where  the  messengers  from  the  different  banks  meet  daily 
to  exchange  the  checks  which  their  banks  have  received  and 
cashed  for  one  another.    The  Clearing  House  is  located  in  a 

substantial  building  on 
Cedar  Street,  the  chief 
feature  of  which  are  the 
three  wonderful  vaults  or 
safes  which  it  contains. 
These  safes  are  of  great 
size  and  strength,  and  are 
provided  with  a  most  re- 
markable system  of  pro- 
tection against   fire  and 

Bowery  Savings  Bank.  burglary. 


lUU 


THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YOEK 


A  Bank  Vault. 


Wall  Street  is  known  the  world  over  as  the  financial  center 
of  the  United  States.    On  the  corner  of  Broad  Street  is  the  new 

building  of  the  Stock  Ex- 
change. It  is  in  this 
exchange  that  the  stocks 
of  the  great  railroad, 
steamboat,  and  manufac- 
turing companies  are 
bought  and  sold  —  mil- 
lions of  dollars  worth  every 
day.  In  and  about  Wall 
Street  are  many  banks  and 
the  offices  of  brokers  who 
act  as  agents  for  people 
who  wish  to  sell  or  buy  stoc-ks.  On  the  street  is  the  granite 
buikling  of  the  United  States  Subtreasury,  where  millions  of 
dollars  are  stored.  It  was  in  the  old  Federal  Hall  which  formerly 
stood  here,  that  Washing- 
ton was  inaugurated  first 
President  of  the  United 
States,  and  a  statue  of 
Washington  in  front  of  the 
present  building  commem- 
orates the  event. 

For  many  hours  in  the 
day  this  Wall  Street  dis- 
trict is  in  a  feverish  excite- 
ment   of    business    bustle  Wall  Street. 


i 


MANUFACTURING  CONCERNS 


101 


and  worry.  It  is  only  as  you  look  at  the  stately  old  Trinity 
Church  at  the  head  of  the  street,  with  its  peaceful  graveyard  and 
its  memories  of  two  hundred  years,  that  one  is  reminded  that 
Hfe  is  not  all  money  getting. 

MANUFACTURING  CONCERNS 

The  city  of  New  York  is  by  far  the  greatest  manufacturing 
center  of  the  United  States.  It  produces  more  than  one  half  of 
the  manufactures  of  the  state  and  more  than  one  tenth  of  those 
of  the  entire  United  States.  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  are 
the  only  states  in  the  Union  whose  manufactures  are  as  extensive 
as  those  of  this  one  great  city.  A  total  of  40/JOO  manufacturing 
concerns  gives  employment  to  half  a  million  people.  Even  on 
Broadway,  which  at  lirst  sight  seems  to  be  devoted  entirely  to 
commerce,  an  immense  amount  of  manufacturing,  esjiecially  of 
clothing,  is  carried  on.  This  is  the  leading  product  of  the  city, 
and  clothing  is  made  to  the  value  of  quarter  of  a  billion  dollars 
annually.  When  we  stop  to  consider  that  100,000  persons  are 
engaged  in  this  line  of  work,  we  can  begin  to  get  an  idea  of  its 
importance.  Workmen  of  all  grades  are  employed,  from  the 
half-starved,  poorly  paid  toilers  in  the  East  side  sweat  shops  to 
the  most  fashionable  of  Fifth  Avenue  tailors.  There  are  in  the 
city  several  large  hat  factories,  the  greatest  of  which  are  in  the 
borough  of  Brooklyn. 

Next  in  importance  to  the  clothing  industry  is  the  refining  of 
sugar  and  molasses.  Immense  refineries  are  located  along  the 
East  River  front  in  Brooklyn,  where  boats  laden  with  crude  cane 


102 


TilE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 


Sugar  Refineries,  Brooklyn. 

sugar  from  the  far  south  deposit  their  cargoes.  Here  it  is  boiled 
in  immense  pans,  and  thousands  of  barrels  of  sugar  ready  for  use 
are  produced  daily.  Seven  eighths  of  the  city's  refining  is  done 
in  Brooklyn. 

The  printing  and  publishing  of  books,  magazines,  and  news- 
papers is  one  of  the  main  industries,  and  in  it  New  York  leads  the 

cities  of  the  United  States. 


Some  factories  make  a 
special  business  of  setting 
up  the  type  and  making 
the  plates  from  which 
books  are  printed  ;  others 
do  only  the  press  w^ork ; 
others  only  bind  books ; 
while  some  concerns  carry  on  the  whole  operation  from  the  type 
to  the  printed  and  bound  book.  All  the  leading  newspaper  offices 
do  their  own  printing,  using  presses,  into  one  end  of  which  is  fed 


A  Newspaper  Press. 


FACTORS  DETERMINING  PUBLIC  IMPROVEMENTS  103 

paper  in  large  rolls,  and  from  the  other  end  of  which  are  sent  out 
the  finished  newspaper  of  a  dozen  or  more  pages,  all  folded  and 
even  counted,  ready  for  selling  to  the  newsdealers. 

There  are  gas  plants  in  which  gas  is  manufactured  for  light- 
ing, heating,  and  cooking,  and  sent  out  by  pipes  into  residences 
and  other  buildings  to  a  distance  of  many  miles. 

Foundries,  cigar  factories,  breweries,  machine  shops,  bakeries, 
carpenter  shops,  coffee  and  spice  grinding  mills,  and  many  other 
concerns,  are  to  be  found  in  large  numbers,  and  often  occupying 
building-s  of  immense  size. 

Many  of  the  large  manufacturing  concerns  are  located  on  the 
water  front,  where  the  work  is  more  easily  carried  on  because 
scows  may  land  at  their  very  doors,  to  bring  coal  for  their  great 
furnaces  and  to  carry  off  ashes,  to  land  raw  materials  and  to  take 
away  the  finished  manufactures. 


LEADING  FACTORS  DETERMINING  PUBLIC 

IMPROVEMENTS 

The  public  improvements  of  our  city  are  of  such  magnitude 
as  to  lead  us  to  inquire  further  into  the  causes  that  have  deter- 
mined them.  The  situation  and  pliysical  features  of  the  several 
boroughs  are  so  entirely  different,  that  different  methods  have  to 
be  followed  in  planning  improvements.  In  Manhattan,  whose 
shape  is  long  and  narrow,  avenues  have  been  laid  out  running  in 
many  cases  parallel  to  the  greatest  length  of  Manhattan  Island. 
Madison,  Lexington,  and  the  numbered  avenues  are  straight 
roads,  each  of  them  several  miles  in  length.     Except  in  the 


104 


THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 


lower  part  of  the  borough  and  in  a  few  sections  settled  before  the 
rapid  growth  of  the  city  really  began,  most  of  the  cross  streets 
are  known  by  numbers  and  run  at  right  angles  to  the  avenues. 

This  makes  it  very 
easy  to  find  most  places 
in  Mabhattan,  and  it 
determines  the  loca- 
tion and  direction  of 
the  main  lines  of  trans- 
portation. 

In  Brooklyn,  fan- 
like   in    shape  ana 

Hml  -     .  .  .  "b-aS^Mj^^BK 

Copyright,  1900,  by  Detroit  Photographic  Co. 

Mulberry  Bend,  before  Im- 
provements WERE  MADE. 

formed  by  the  union  of 
many  growing  villages, 
we  find  a  very  different 
arrangement  of  streets. 
In  fact,  the  original 
cow  paths,  lanes,  and 
roads,  irregular  and 
crooked,  form  the  be- 
ginnings of  many  of 
the  important  streets.  Brooklyn  therefore  is  much  more  difficult 
to  travel  around  in,  and  its  shape  requires  many  intersecting 
car-lines. 


Mulberry  Bend  at  the  Present  Time. 


NEW  YORK  HARBOR 


105 


The  streets  in  both  Manhattan  and  Brookl3rn  have  been  laid 
out  in  regular  order  by  squares  whenever  this  has  been  possible, 
and  the  tearing  down  of  rows  of  wretched  old  buildings,  irregu- 
larly located,  has  given  room  for  new  small  parks.  One  of  the 
most  noted  instances  of  this  kind  of  improvement  is  the  Mul- 
berry Bend  Park,  in  lower  Manhattan.  The  Building  Department 
of  the  city  has  condemned  buildings  in  many  other  overcrowded 
sections. 

The  ferries,  of  which  we  have  spoken,  are  made  necessary 
of  course  by  the  fact  that  the  boroughs  are  largely  surrounded  by 
water.  Bridges  came  about  naturally  when  the  ferries  were 
imable  to  handle  the  rapidly  increasing  traffic. 

The  increase  in  wealth  and  population  of  our  city  has  made 
possible  the  building  of  the  immense  libraries,  museums,  and 
schools  for  the  education  of  the  people,  and  has  made  not  only 
possible,  but  necessary,  the  system  of  water  supply,  drainage, 
and  the  other  comforts  and  luxuries  that  we  find  necessary 
to  our  life  of  to-day. 

NEW  YORK  HARBOR 

New  York  Harbor,  one  of  the  largest  and  most  beautiful 
in  the  world,  excites  the  wonder  and  admiration  of  all  strangers 
who  gaze  upon  its  beauties  for  the  first  time.  As  it  has  been 
a  very  unportant  factor  in  the  growth  of  the  city,  we  will 
devote  a  space  to  the  study  of  its  most  interesting  features. 
The  harbor  consists  of  the  Lower  Bay,  outside  of  the  Narrows ; 
the  Upper  Bay,  from  the  junction  of  the  Hudson  and  East 


106 


THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 


North  from  Brooklyn  BRroGE. 


rivers  to  the  Narrows ;  the  lower  Hudson,  and  the  East  River.  The 
Lower  Bay,  in  which  there  are  nearly  100  square  miles  of  anchor- 
age, includes  Raritan  Bay,  Sandy  Hook  Bay,  and  Jamaica  Bay. 

Two  channels  near 
Sandy  Hook  give  en- 
trance into  the  Lower 
Bay  to  vessels  from 
the  Ocean.  The  great 
International  Yacht 
Races  are  held  here. 

The  Upper  Bay 
may  be  entered  from 
the  ocean  in  three  ways,  —  through  the  narrow  straits  on  the 
western  and  northern  sides  of  Staten  Island  ;  through  Long  Island 
Sound  and  the  East 
River ;  and  through 
the  Narrows  from  the 
Lower  Bay.  The  Staten 
Island  entrance  is  nar- 
row and  cannot  be 
used  by  heavy  Vessels, 
and  the  East  River  is 
turbulent  and  treach- 
erous, so  that  most 
vessels  enter  by  way 
of  the  Narrow^s,  which 
is  guarded  by  Forts  Wadsworth  and  Tompkins  on  the  Staten 
Island  side  and  Fort  Hamilton  on  the  Long  Island  shore. 


South  from  Brooklyn  Bridge. 


NEW  YOKK  HAFvBOK 


107 


The  entrance  to  the  East  River  from  the  Sound  is  pro- 
tected by  Fort  Schuyler,  located  on'  a  long  peninsula  called 
Throgs  Neck,  and  by  the  fort  at  Willetts  Point  on  the  other 
side  of  the  river.  Five  miles  farther  on  are  North  Brother  and 
South  Brother  islands,  on  the  former  of  which  smallpox  patients 
are  quarantined.  A  beautiful  sail  of  a  mile  or  so  brings  us  to 
Randalls  Island  where  are  located  schools,  hospitals,  and  a  House 
of  Refuge  for  children.  Just  south  of  Randalls  is  Wards  Island, 
which  contains  the  city  hospital  for  the  insane.  Blackwells 


Blackwells  Island. 


Island  farther  south  is  a  long,  narrow  strip  of  land,  on  which  are 
many  buildings,  used  mostly  as  prisons  and  erected  by  convict 
labor.  The  island,  in  spite  of  the  gloomy  uses  to  which  it  is  put, 
is  beautiful  in  appearance,  especially  in  summer. 

In  the  Upper  Bay  are  located  Governors,  Bedloes,  and  Ellis 
islands,  that  look  at  a  distance  like  little  green  dots  in  the  glisten- 
ing bay.  All  these  islands  belong  to  the  United  States  govern- 
ment. Governors  Island,  with  an  area  of  sixty-five  acres,  contains 
a  fort  and  is  beautifully  laid  out  w^ith  shade  trees  and  walks.  A 
parade  ground  is  used  by  the  government  troops  quartered  here. 
Here  also  is  fired  the  "  sunset  gun."  Ellis  Island  is  now  used  as 
the  landing  place  of  immigrants  to  New  York.    Castle  Garden 


108 


THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 


near  the  Battery  was  formerly  used  for  this  purpose.  On  Bedloes, 
or  Liberty  Island,  is  located  the  famous  Bartholdi  Statue,  pre- 
sented by  the  people  of  France  to  the  United  States  in  1886.  This 
magnificent  figure  of  Liberty  Enlightening  the  World  is  a  bronze 

statue  150  feet  high  and 
located  on  a  pedestal  as  high 
as  the  figure  itself.  Espe- 
cially at  night,  when  the 
torch  in  the  hand  of  the 
figure  gives  forth  its  bril- 
liant light,  it  may  be  seen 
for  miles  around,  a  fitting 
symbol  of  the  giant  city, 
that  in  its  growth  of  three  centuries  has  witnessed  the  struggles 
of  brave  men  for  liberty  of  speech  and  liberty  of  action. 

Having  now  studied  the  metropolis  as  it  is  to-day,  we  will 
look  back  and  see  how  it  grew  from  the  little  settlement  of  New 
Amsterdam  into  the  imperial  city  of  New  York. 


Liberty  Island. 


LOCAL  HISTORY 

Discovery.  — Nearly  three  centuries  have  passed  since  Henry 
Hudson,  on  his  famous  cruise  along  the  eastern  coast  of  Amer- 
ica, first  gazed  upon  the  wild  region  where  the  greatest  city 
of  the  Western  World  now  stands.  As  he  sailed  through  the 
Narrows  into  the  Bay  there  rose  before  him  a  beautiful  island, 
forest-covered  and  crossed  by  streams  that  flowed,  some  to  the 
left  into  a  mighty  river,  and  some  to  the  right  into  a  wave-tossed 


LOCAL  HISTOKY 


109 


Henry  Hudson. 


strait.  Behind  him  a  range  of  protecting  hills  that  seemed  to 
extend  from  the  Jersey  shore  approached  so  close  to  Long  Island 
that  they  formed  an  excellent  harbor. 

It  was  on  September  12,  1609,  that 
Hudson  with  his  crew  of  the  Half  Moon 
sailed  past  Manhattan  Island  and  the 
Palisades,  and  began  his  trip  up  the  river 
beyond  the  Highlands  to  the  site  of  Al- 
bany. Upon  Hudson's  return  to  Holland, 
Hendrick  Christiansen  and  Adrian  Block, 
stirred  by  his  accounts,  soon  after  fitted 
out  trading- ships  and  came  to  this  coun- 
try. Others  followed,  until  the  fur  trade  with  the  Indians  be- 
came an  important  Dutch  industry.  A  fort  was  erected  in 
1613  at  the  very  southern  point  of  Manhattan  Island.  This 

was  not  only  a  fur  depot 
but  a  point  from  which  the 
exploring  and  trading  expe- 
ditions started  along  the 
coast.  Thus  early  we  see 
that  Europeans  were  drawn 
to  New  York  mainly  for 
purposes  of  trade.  A  ware- 
house, protected  by  a  fort, 
was  built  at  Albany  in  the 
year  1614,  and  the  United 
New  Netherlands  Company  thus  began  the  work  that  later 
changed  the  little  colony  into  the  Empire  State. 


The  Half  Moox  on  the  Hudson. 


110 


THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 


First  Settlements.  —  It  was  nearly  ten  years  later,  in  May, 
1623,  that  the  good  ship,  New  Netherlands,  brought  a  number 
of  colonists  to  this  country.  Most  of  them  were  Walloons,  people 
of  Holland  whose  fathers  had  fled  from  France  on  account  of 
religious  troubles.  Eight  of  these  thirty  families  remained  at  the 
fort  and  settled  the  village  of  New  Amsterdam,  the  beginning  of 
New  York  city ;  others  settled  in  Albany,  New  Jersey,  and  Con- 
necticut, while  a  few  crossed  the  East  River,  and,  at  Wallabout, 
where  the  Brooklyn  Navy  Yard  is  now  located,  built  up  a  little 
settlement,  which,  however,  disappeared  soon  after.  The  first 
permanent  settlement  on  Long  Island  was  made  thirteen  years 
later  at  New  Amersfoort,  afterward  called  Flatlands. 

Flatbush.  —  One  of  the  most  interesting  of  the  former  Dutch 
towns  within  the  present  limits  of  New  York  city  is  Flatbush,  set- 
tled just  before  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century,  and  known 
as  Midwout  by  the  early  Dutch.  As  long  ago  as  1654  it  had  a 
church  where  the  settlers  came  for  worship  from  Amersfoort, 
from  New  Utrecht,  and  from  Brooklyn,  then  a  mere  hamlet  near 
the  site  of  the  present  borough  hall.  It  now  comprises  many 
acres  in  Brooklyn,  east  and  south  of  Prospect  Park,  where  in 
certain  sections  are  still  to  be  found  some  very  old  houses  of  the 
Dutch  style. 

Peter  Minuit.  —  For  nearly  forty  years  the  Dutch  West  India 
Company  sent  out  governors  to  manage  the  affairs  of  the  colony. 
The  first  of  these  was  Director  General  Peter  Minuit,  who  arrived 
at  New  Amsterdam  in  1626.  He  was  a  shrewd  merchant  and  was 
very  successful  in  directing  the  trade  of  the  colony.  But  by  far 
the  greatest  bargain  that  he  made,  and  probably  the  most  re- 


LOCAL  HISTORY 


111 


markable  real-estate  transaction  in  history,  was  the  purchase  of 
the  island  from  the  Manhattan  Indians  for  twenty-foui*  dollars' 
worth  of  beads  and 
trinkets.  And  the 
strangest  part  of  it  is 
that  both  Dutch  and 
Indians  were  probably 
equally  sure  that  they 
liad  the  better  of  the 
Ijargain.  During  the  • 
-ix  years  of  Minuit's 
rule  the  coasting  trade 

became     a     great    in-  purchase  of  Manhattan  Island. 

dustry,  and  the  town  rapidly  increased  in  wealth  and  prosperity. 

Peter  Stuyvesant.  —  Governors  Van  Twiller  and  Kieft,  the 
successors  of  Minuit,  managed  affairs  so  badly  that  in  1647  Peter 

Stuyvesant  was  sent  over  by  the  company  to 
straiditen  out  matters.  He  was  the  last  and  the 
greatest  of  the  Dutch  governors,  a  very  strict 
ruler,  and  a  very  just  man,  according  to  his  own 
ideas  of  right  and  wrong.  His  idea  of  right  was 
to  serve  his  employers,  the  Dutch  West  India 
Couipany,  no  matter  what  the  colonists  wanted 
or  deserved.  The  people,  not  getting  theh^  rights 
from  Stuyvesant,  appealed  to  the  company,  and  succeeded,  in 
1653,  in  getting  a  city  charter.  This  charter  gave  them  the  right 
to  govern  themselves  through  officers  —  called  burgomasters  and 
schepens  —  selected  from  the  citizens  of  the  town.  Although 


Peter  Stuyvesant. 


112 


THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 


Governor  Stuyvesant  kept  the  reins  of  power  in  his  own  hands 
by  appointing  the  officers  from  his  own  circle  of  friends,  a  step 
had  been  taken  in  the  right  direction  —  New  Amsterdam  had 
become  a  city. 

In  his  dealing  with  the  Indians,  Governor  Stuyvesant  showed 
great  courage  and  common  sense,  and  through  his  wise  efforts 
in  this  direction,  the  colony  grew  much  stronger  and  better 
able  to  defend  itself  against  attack. 


New  Amsterdam  in  1656. 


The  English  for  many  years  had  claimed  this  region  by 
right  of  the  discoveries  of  the  Cabots.  Taking  advantage  of 
the  discontent  of  the  Dutch  under  Stuyvesant,  they  sent  Colonel 
Nichols  with  a  fleet  to  demand  the  surrender  of  New  Netherlands. 
It  was  found  that  most  of  the  Dutch  were  glad  to  yield,  and  in 
spite  of  the  angry  protest  of  Stuyvesant,  the  surrender  of  the 
fort  and  city  of  New  Amsterdam  was  made  on  September  8, 1664, 
the  control  of  New  Netherlands  was  quietly  transferred  to  the 
English,  and  New  Amsterdam  became  New  York. 

After  the  surrender  Stuyvesant  went  to  Holland,  where  he 
remained  a  short  time.  Upon  his  return  to  New  York  he  re- 
tired to  his     bouwerie,"  or  farm,  which  covered  a  large  tract 


LOCAL  HISTORY 


113 


"  rrj 

Stuyvesant's  House  on  the  Bowery. 


of  land  extending  from  the  present  Fourth  Avenue  to  the 
East  River,  in  the  neighborhood  of  14th  Street.  Here  the 
doughty  old  governor  passed  the 
rest  of  his  life  in  peace  and  hap- 
piness. He  died  in  1G72  at  the 
age  of  eighty,  and  lies  buried  in 
the  vaults  of  Saint  Mark's  Church 
on  loth  Street  and  Second  Ave- 
nue, where,  among  the  monu- 
ments of  many  great  men,  there 
is  a  tablet  to  his  memory. 

New  York  in  1664.  —  A 
strange  picture  indeed  this  quaint  little  town  of  New  Amsterdam 
makes  in  the  background  of  our  city's  history.  At  its  north- 
ern extremity  a  wall,  built  to 
keep  out  the  English  and  the 
Indians,  extended  from  river  to 
river.  At  the  eastern  end  was 
the  ^Yater  Gate,  and  at  the  west- 
ern end  stood  the  City  Gate,  de- 
fended by  a  blockhouse  and  a 
little  half-moon  battery  of  two 
guns.  This  wall  was  made  of 
twelve-foot  log:s,  embedded  three 
feet  deep  in  the  earth,  and  strengthened  here  and  there  by  towers 
and  blockhouses.  Inside  of  the  wall,  to  the  south,  were  a  ditch, 
a  rampart,  and  a  broad  lane,  now  known  as  Wall  Street,  bordered 
by  the  rude  cabins  of  the  lowest  class  of  the  people.    The  princi- 


The  Old  Wall. 


114 


THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 


pal  sti^eet  of  the  city  was  De  Heere  Straat,  now  Broadway,  which 
extended  to  the  wall  from  the  Bowling  Green. 

Bowling  Green  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  landmarks  of 
the  city.    It  was  laid  out  early  in  the  history  of  New  Amster- 

  dam  as  a  common  or 

meeting  ground  for 
the  people.  Here  oc- 
curred the  marketing, 
the  signing  of  trea- 
ties with  the  Indians, 
the  parades  of  the 
military,  and  the  cele- 
bration  of  victories. 


Bowling  Green  in  Dutch  Times. 

PI  ere  the  boys  and  girls 
met  for  play,  and  on  a 
summer  afternoon  even 
the  quiet  and  dignified 
burghers  indulged  in  their 
favorite  game  of  "  bowls." 
It  continued  to  be  a  fash- 
ionable promenade  for  200 
years,  and  in  spite  of  all  the 
changes  that  have  taken 
place  in  the  city,  the  Bowling  Green  remains  a  public  park  to 
this  day.  In  the  old  days  one  could  step  from  the  grassy  walks 
of  the  Green  into  the  inclosure  of  the  little  fort,  within  which 


Copyright,  I'.WO,  by  Detroit  Photographic  Co. 

Bowling  Green  at  Present. 


LOCAL  HISTORY 


115 


The  Fort  in  1664. 


were  the  governor's 
mansion,  the  jail,  and 
the  stone  church. 

East  from  the  fort, 
a  road  known  as  the 
Bridge  Street  led  to 
the  brido-e  across  the 
principal  canal  which 
flowed  along  what  is 
now  Broad  Street.  On 
the  other  side  of  the 
canal  this  road  became  the  High  Street  and  ran  north  to  the  wall 
at  the  Water  Gate.     Here  began  the  river  road  to  the  Long 

Island  Ferry,  which 
was  located  at  the 
present  Pecks  Slip. 

The  entire  city 
then,  in  1664,  lay 
south  of  the  present 
Wall  Street.  It  con- 
tained some  250 
houses  and  had  a  pop- 
ulation of  about  1400. 
The  Bowery. — It  was  in  1660  that  the  Indians  caused  so 
much  trouble  that  the  people  living  outside  the  city  limits  were 
directed  either  to  come  within  the  wall  or  to  assemble  in  a 
village.  This  led  to  the  formation  of  a  little  settlement  called 
the  "  Bowery  "  near  the  present  location  of  13th  Street  and  Third 


Broad  Street,  1664. 


116  THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YOKK 

Avenue,  not  far  from  Stuyvesant*s  country  house.    A  lane  con 
necting  the  settlement  with  the  city  was  also  known  as  the 
Bowery  on  account  of  the  bouweries  or  farms  that  dotted  its 
length.    Just  below  Canal  Street  was  the  famous  Bull  Head 

Tavern,  managed  during 
the  Revolution  by  Rich- 
ard Varian,  a  famous  host. 
On  tlie  site  of  the  old 
tavern  was  erected  in  1826 
the  fashionable  Bowery 
Theater,  rebuilt  in  1866 

The  Bowery  Sixty  Years 
Ago. 

and  known  to-day  as 
the  Thalia.  The  Bow- 
ery's history  is  one  of 
great  changes.  Begin- 
ning as  a  forest  road,  it 
became  a  country  lane 
and  then  a  village 
street;  later,  a  broad 
avenue,  the  fashiona- 
ble driveway  and  shop- 
ping district  of  sixty  years  ago.  To-day,  with  its  four  tracks  of 
cars,  its  elevated  roads,  its  numerous  cheap  stores  and  places  of 
amusement,  it  presents  a  scene  busier  than  ever,  perhaps,  but 
in  sad  contrast  to  its  appearance  of  years  ago. 


The  Bowery  at  Present. 


LOCAL  HISTORY 


117 


Harlem.  —  In  1661,  the  road  that  extended  from  New  Amster- 
dam out  through  the  Bowery  to  the  httle  village  of  Harlem, 
just  established  on  the  bank  of  the  East  River,  was  little  more 
than  a  forest  path.  For  nearly  two  centuries  the  only  direct 
approach  to  Harlem 
was  along  this  forest 
road,  and  the  growth 
of  the  village  was  of 
course  very  slow.  To- 
day Harlem  is  a  part 
of  New  York  city.  It 
has  a  splendid  system 


Old  Harlem. 

of  broad  streets  and 
avenues,  and  contains 
many  elegant  public 
and  private  buildings, 
and  important  manu- 
facturimi::    and  mer- 
cantile  concerns.  Its 
population  would 
make  it,  by  itself,  a 
city  of  the  first  rank. 
Dutch  Customs  and  Industries.  —  New  Amsterdam,  as  we 
have  seen,  was  mainly  a  commercial  city ;  but  on  account  of  its 
distance  from  large  manufacturing  centers,  it  was  necessary  that 
its  citizens  should  make  many  of  the  articles  which  were  needed 


Harlem  at  Present  —  125th  Street,  Manhattan. 


118  THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 

for  daily  use  —  so  we  find  all  the  trades  flourisliing;  and  fre-  j 
quent  mention  is  made  in  the  early  records  of  brewers,  bakers, 
butchers,  carpenters,  glass  makers,  coopers,  tailors,  etc.  Dairy 
and  farm  products  were  brought  in  from  the  Long  Island  farms, 
but  each  citizen  had  his  own  little  garden  alongside  his  house, 
where  he  raised  many  of  the  necessities  of  life. 

The  shop  of  the  tradesman  was  generally  on  the  lower  floor 
of  his  house.  We  hear  of  one  great  department  store  owned  by 
Cornells  Steenwyck,  where  shopping  in  all  lines  could  be  done. 
It  occupied  the  second  floor  of  the  owner's  fine  house  on  Bridge 
Street,  and  offered  bargains  in  meats  and  groceries,  hardware, 
cloths,  silks,  and  "notions." 

The  tavern  keepers,  of  whom  Martin  Cregier,  of  No.  11 
Broadway,  was  the  most  famous,  did  a  thriving  business.  Daring 
adventurers  penetrated  far  into  the  interior  to  trade  with  the 
Indians,  bartering  worthless  trinkets  for  valuable  furs.  The 
coast  trade  brought  the  burghers  of  New  Amsterdam  into  con- 
tact with  Massachusetts  on  the  north,  and  Virginia  on  the 
south,  and  enabled  them  to  exchange  with  the  English  colonists. 
But  by  far  the  greatest  and  richest  of  the  New  Amsterdam  in- 
dustries were  its  shipping  and  foreign  trade.  Their  ocean  vessels 
imported  hardware  and  dry  goods  from  Holland,  sugar  and 
molasses  from  the  Barbadoes,  dyestuft's  and  fruits  from  CuraQoa, 
and  numerous  other  articles  from  distant  foreign  ports. 

The  old-fashioned  Dutch  house  was  built  with  the  gable  end 
facing  the  street,  and  the  front  was  generally  of  stone.  The 
houses  of  the  better  class,  with  their  large  rooms,  sanded  floors, 
and  heavy  furnishings,  were  very  comfortable  and  even  elegant. 


LOCAL  HISTORY 


119 


There  were,  however,  on  the  outskirts  nicany  very  cheap  and 
wretched  houses,  made  of  wood,  the  front  yards  often  serving  as 
hogpens.  The  average  monthly  rental  of  the  New  Amsterdam 
house  was  about  $1.25. 

The  Dutch  as  a  class  were  very  hospitable  and  enjoyed  the 
good  things  of  life  with  their  friends.  Our  merry  Santa  Claus 
celebration   at   Christmas,  our 


New  Year's  calling,  and  our 
coloring  of  Easter  eggs  are  all 
inherited  from  the  Dutch  of  New 
Amsterdam. 

New  York  under  the  English. 
—  When  the  colonists  in  1664 
yielded  the  control  of  their  gov- 
ernment to  the  English,  it  was 
with  the  hope  that  they  would 
enjoy  greater  freedom  under 
their  new  rulers.  There  was 
some  improvement,  to  be  sure, 
but  it  did  not  come  without  a 
continued  strus^g^le  to  secure  their 
rights  from  the  English  kings  and  their  governors  in  New  York. 

In  1689,  the  lower  class  of  the  people  rose  in  rebellion  against 
the  city  government,  seized  the  fort  with  the  aid  of  the  militia, 
and  placed  Captain  Jacob  Leisler  in  power,  as  governor.  Leisler 
ruled  wisely  at  first,  but  as  he  gained  in  power,  he  began  to  op- 
press the  people,  throwing  some  into  prison,  depriving  others  of 
life  and  property,  and  insulting  in  the  most  violent  way  all  who 


Old  Dutch  Houses. 


120 


THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 


were  opposed  to  him.  Many  complaints  against  him  were  made 
to  the  English  king,  and  Governor  Sloughter,  after  a  long  delay, 
was  sent  over  to  take  command  of  the  colony.  Leisler  at  first 
refused  to  yield,  but  was  finally  arrested  and  tried  for  treason, 
of  which  he  was  found  guilty.  He  was  executed,  and  peace  was 
restored  to  the  city  that  had  suffered  his  misrule  for  nearly  two 
years. 

In  the  latter  part  of  the  seventeenth  century  the  ocean  was 
infested  with  swarms  of  pirates,  who  attacked  trading  vessels, 
robbed  and  murdered  their  crews,  and  then  boldly  returned  to 
New  York  to  boast  of  their  exploits.  Lord  Bellomont,  the  new 
governor,  was  ordered  to  suppress  them.  He  fitted  out  a  man- 
of-war  and  selected  for  its  captain,  William  Kidd,  a  respectable 
resident  of  Crown  Street  (now  Liberty),  with  orders  to  sail 
against  these  sea  robbers. 

The  governor's  choice  of  Kidd  was  unfortunate,  for  within 
a  year  this  respectable  gentleman  ran  up  the  black  flag  and  de- 
clared himself  a  pirate.  In  this  career  he  was  very  successful, 
and  the  story  of  his  evil  deeds  soon  spread  throughout  the  world. 
It  is  said  that  he  buried  immense  quantities  of  gold  which  many 
foolish  people  have  sought  for  to  this  day,  but  in  vain.  After  a 
rather  brief  career  of  murder  and  robbery,  he  was  captured  and 
sent  to  Engjland  for  trial.  His  execution  followed  without  waste 
of  time. 

In  1725  occurred  a  most  important  event  in  the  history  of 
the  city  —  the  founding,  by  William  Bradford,  of  the  first  New 
York  newspaper,  the  Weekly  Gazette.  As  this  paper  took  the 
side  of  the  governor  in  all  his  disputes  with  the  people,  the 


LOCAL  HISTORY 


121 


people  naturally  felt  the  need  of  a  paper  of  their  own.  This 
paper,  the  New  York  Weekhj  Journal,  was  started  in  1734  by 
Peter  Zenger,  a  pupil  of  Bradford.  The  Journal  began  with  the 
Gazette  that  fierce  newspaper  war  which  is  still  going  on,  though 
less  bitterly,  in  New  York  city  to-day.  But  Zenger  was  not 
satisfied  with  fighting  the  Gazette  only  —  he  attacked  the  gov- 
ernor, the  mayor,  and  others  in  authority,  for  which  he  was 
brought  to  trial.     The  result  was  a  glorious  victory  for  the 


Shipping  in  New  York  Harbor,  about  177G, 


people,  for  Zenger  was  acquitted  and  the  papers  won  the  right, 
for  all  time,  to  discuss  freely  any  public  question.  Since  that 
time  the  press  has  been  of  great  service  in  guarding  the  liberties 
of  the  people. 

And  so  the  struggle  for  liberty  went  on,  the  people  fighting 
stubbornly  against  all  kinds  of  setbacks  and  obstacles,  until  in 
1776  they  felt  that  they  were  strong  enough  to  stand  up  in 
bold  and  open  defiance  of  their  oppressors,  and  to  claim  in  full 
that  for  which  they  had  been  struggling  for  over  a  hundred 
years  —  liberty  to  think,  to  act,  and  to  govern  themselves  as  a 
free  and  independent  people. 


122  THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 

At  the  very  outset  of  the  Revolution  disaster  came  to  our 
city.  The  British  were  victorious  in  the  bloody  battle  of  Long 
Island,  so  that  Washington  and  his  army  were  compelled  to  give 
up  New  York  city,  which  remained  under  British  control  for 
seven  years.    Not  long  after  Washington  had  retreated,  a  terrible 

fire  swept  over  the  city,  and 
fully  500  houses  were  laid  in 
ruins. 

Trinity  Church.  —  In  its 

mad  rush  this  fire  completely 
destroyed  Trinity  Church, 
which  stood  on  Broadway 
at  the  head  of  Wall  Street. 
This  famous  church  had  been 
built  in  1697,  Avhen  the  Eng- 
lish Episcopalians  wished  a 
better  place  of  worship  than 
the  old  stone  church  in  the 
fort.  It  was  not  rebuilt  un- 
til after  the  war.  The  pres- 
ent building  was  erected  in  1846.  In  the  churchyard  are 
many  tombstones  dating  back  to  the  time  of  the  first  church. 
Alexander  Hamilton,  New  York's  greatest  statesman,  lies  buried 
there. 

St.  Paul's. — Trinity  Church  exercised  from  the  start  a 
great  influence  in  New  York  city,  and  its  power  has  continued 
to  increase.  To-day  it  has  a  number  of  chapels  or  branches 
scattered  throughout  the  town.     The  most  famous  of  these  is 


Tomb  of  Alexander  Hamilton. 


LOCAL  HISTORY 


123 


St.  Paul's,  built  in  1764,  on  the  upper  end  of 
the  land  belonging  to  Trinity,  and  now  the 
oldest  church  building  on  Manhattan  Island. 
An  added  interest  is  given  to  St.  Paul's 
from  the  fact  tliat  Washington  worshiped 
there  when  President  of  the  United  States. 

Fraunces'  Tavern. — Prominent  among 
our  relics  of  the  past  is  the  old  tavern  of 
Sam  Fraunces,  "  Black  Sam,"  a  patriot  of 
the  Revolution.  This  old  hostelry,  built  in 
1730,  still  stands  at  the  corner  of  Broad 
and  Pearl  streets.  It  was  in  1762  that 
Fraunces  became  the  pro})rietor,  and  from 
that  time  until  1776,  when  the  British  got 
control  of  the  city,  the  tavern  was  a  favor- 
ite resort  of  those  patriots  who  were  combining  in  the  cause  of 
American  liberty.    In  its  famous  "  Long  Room,"  Washington 

dined  that  glorious  November  day 
in  1783,  when  at  the  head  of  his 
army  he  took  possession  of  the 
city  and  saw  the  last  of  the  Brit- 
ish soldiers  leave  our  shores.  In 
this  room  also  occurred  the  final 
scene  of  the  Revolution  —  Wash- 
ing;ton's  affecting;  farewell  to  the 
brave  officers  who  had  toiled  and 
suffered  with  him  through  the 
Frauncks'  Tavern.  dark  days  of  that  gloomy  war. 


Old  St.  Paul's. 


124 


THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 


It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  building  was  purchased  in 
1904  by  the  Society  of  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution,  many  of 
whose  members  are  descended  from  the  very  officers  who  were 
present  at  the  farewell.  By  this  society  the  old  tavern  is  to  be 
preserved  as  an  historical  museum  —  a  constant  reminder  of  the 
time  when  our  country  was  struggling  for  the  liberties  which  we 
enjoy  to-day. 


APPEJ^^DIX 


STATISTICS 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 


Population,  1900 
Area,  Land 
Water 

No.  of  people  to  1  sq.  mi. 

Population,  Males 

Females 

Native 
Foreign 


White 
Colored 


dOO 


No.  of  farms  in  1900 
Acreasre  of  farms  in  1 
Value  of  farm  property  in  1900 
Value  of  farm  products  in  1900 
Capital  invested  in  manufacturing,  1905 
Value  of  manufactured  products,  1905 
No.  of  manufacturing  establishments  in  1905, 

NEW  YORK  —  8  125 


7,268,894  .       .       (1910)  9,113,614. 
47,654  sq.  mi. 
1,550  sq.  mi.        49,204  sq.  mi. 

.        .        .  191. 

(1900)  3,614,780. 
(1900)  3,654,114. 

(1900)  5,368,469. 
(1900)  1,900,425. 

(1900)  7,156,881. 
(1900)  112,013. 

226,720. 
.  22,648,109. 
.$1,069,723,895. 

$245,270,600. 
82,031,459,515. 
82,488,345,579. 
37,194. 


126 


APPENDIX 


COUNTIES 


County 


Albany 
Allegany 

Broome 
Cattaraugus 
Cayuga 
Chautauqua 

Chemung 
Chenango 

Clinton 
Columbia 
Cortland 
Delaware 

Dutchess 

Erie 

Essex 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Genesee 

Greene 

Hamilton 

Herkimer 

Jefferson 


Kings 
Lewis 
Livingston 


Popula- 
tion, 1910 


173,600 
41,412 

78,809 
05,919 
67,106 
105,126 


54,002 
35,575 

48,230 
43,058 
29,249 
45,575 

87,001 


528,985 


33,458 
45,717 
44,534 
37,015 
30,214 
4,373 
50,356 
80,297 


1,634,351 
24,849 
38,037 


Land 
Arka 
Sq.  Mi. 


528 
1,018 

090 
1,330 

722 
1,062 


394 
847 

1,041 
647 
486 

1,531 

800 

1,040 

1,834 
1,717 
486 
484 
644 
1,747 
1,426 
1,252 


77 

1,265 
035 


Chief  Agricultural  Products 


Poultry  and  eggs,  buckwheat,  rye,  onions, 
fruits. 

Live  stock,  dairy  products,  eggs,  honey,  wool, 
buckwheat,  oats,  potatoes,  maple  sugar, 
forest  products. 

Live  stock,  milk,  eggs,  strawberiies,  sugar 
beets. 

Live  stock,  eggs,  honey,  maple  sugar,  apples, 

dairy  and  forest  products. 
Live  stock,  dairy  products,  poultry  and  eggs, 

honey,  wool,  tobacco,  grains. 
Live  stock,  poultry  and  eggs,  corn,  oats,  dairy 

and  forest  products,  maple  sugar,  apples, 

grapes,  small  fruits. 
Buckwheat,  tobacco. 

Live  stock,  dairy  and  forest  products,  eggs, 

maple  sugar. 
Live  stock,  buckwheat,  potatoes. 
Live  stock,  poultry,  wool,  corn,  rye,  fruits. 
Live  stock,  dairy  products,  maple  sugar. 
Live  stock,  dairy  and  forest  products,  eggs, 

honey,  buckw  heat,  maple  sugar. 
Live  stock,  milk,  poultry  and  eggs,  corn,  rye, 

fruits. 

Live  stock,  dairy  products,  poultry  and  eggs, 
potatoes,  onions,  grains,  fruits. 

Live  stock,  milk,  potatoes,  hops. 
Cheese. 

Live  stock,  wool,  beans,  grains,  fruits. 
Butter,  rye,  apples,  pears. 

Live  stock,  milk,  cheese,  strawberries. 
Live  stock,  dairy  products,  poultry  and  eggs 

grains,   maple  sugar,   strawberries,  peas, 

forest  products. 

Live  stock,  milk  and  cheese,  maple  sugar. 
Live  stock,  cheese,  wool,  grains,  onions,  beans 
nursery  products. 


APPENDIX 


127 


COUNTIES  —  Continued 


No. 

County 

Popula- 
tion, 1910 

26 

Madisoa 

39,289 

27 

Monroe 

283,212 

28 
29 
30 
31 

Montgomery 
Nassau 
New  York 
Niagara 

57,567 
83,930 
2,762,522 
92,036 

32 

Oneida 

154,157 

33 

Onondaga 

200,298 

34 

Ontario 

52,286 

35 

Orange 

115,751 

36 
oi 

Orleans 
Oswego 

32,000 

1 1,00-1 

38 

Otsego 

47,216 

39 
40 
41 

Pntnam 

Queens 

Rensselaer 

14,665 
284,041 
122,276 

42 
43 
44 

Richmond 
Rockland 
St.  Lawrence 

85,969 
46,873 
89,005 

45 
46 
47 

Saratoga 

Schenectady 

Schoharie 

61,917 

88,235 
23,855 

48 
49 
50 

Schnyler 

Seneca 

Steuben 

14,004 
26,972 
83,362 

652 


819 

306 
974 

978 


239 
129 
664 

57 
180 
2,810 

830 
210 
648 

339 
328 
1,401 


Chief  Agricultural  Products 


Live  stock,  dairy  products,  eggs,  honey,  grains, 

onions,  hops,  blackberries. 
Live  stock,  dairy  products,  poultry  and  eggs, 

potatoes,  onions,  beans,  nursery  products, 

grains,  fruits. 
Milk,  cheese,  coi'n. 
Corn. 

Live  stock,  poultry  and  eggs,  wool,  onions, 

grains,  fruits. 
Live  stock,  dairy  products,  poultry  and  eggs, 

grains,  hops,  strawberries. 
Live  stock,  dairy  products,  poultry  and  eggs, 

wool,    honey,   potatoes,   onions,  tobacco, 

alfalfa,  grains,  small  fruits. 
Live  stock,  poultry  and  eggs,  wool,  potatoes, 

onions,    beans,    hops,    nursery  products, 

grains,  fruits. 
Live  stock,  milk,  poultry  and  eggs,  corn,  rye, 

onions,  fruits. 
Live  stock,  wool,  beans,  grains,  fruits. 
Live  stock,  dairy  products,  poultry  and  eggs, 

corn,  tobacco,  pears,  strawberries. 
Live  stock,  dairy  products,  forest  products, 

poultry  and  eggs,  corn,  oats,  maple  sugar, 

hops,  forest  products. 

Onions. 

Dairy   products,   poultry,  wool,  corn,  rye, 
potatoes,  strawberries. 


Live  stock,  dairy  and  forest  products,  poultry 

and  eggs,  wool,  corn,  oats,  maple  sugar. 
Poultry  and  eggs,  strawberries,  grains. 
Rye. 

Live  stock,  dairy  products,  eggs,  buckwheat, 
rye,  hops. 

Wool,  buckwheat,  wheat,  plums,  grapes. 
Grains,  fruits. 

Live  stock,  dairy  and  forest  products,  poultry 
and  eggs,  honey,  wool,  potatoes,  onions, 
tobacco,  grapes,  grains. 


128 


APPENDIX 
COUNTIES  —  Continued 


Popula- 
tion, 1010 

Land 

No. 

County 

Area 
Sq.  Mi. 

Chief  Agricultural  Products 

51 

Suffolk 

96,138 

918 

Poultry  and  eggs,  corn,  potatoes,  fruits. 
Live  stock,  cheese,  poultry  and  eggs,  buck- 
wheat, rye. 

52 

Sullivan 

33,808 

967 

58 

Tioga 

25,624 

518 

Live  stock,  milk,  buckwheat. 

5i 

Tompkins 

33,647 

477 

Live  stock,  eggs,  Honey,  wool,  buckwheat. 

wheat. 

55 

Ulster 

91,769 

1,128 

Live  stock,  milk,  poultry  and  eggs,  forest 

products,  onions,  nuts,  grains,  fruits. 

56 

Warren 

32,223 

895 

57 

Washington 

47,778 

797 

Live  stock,  dairy  products,  poultry,  wool,  corn, 
rye,  potatoes. 

58 

Wayne 

50,179 

624 

Live   stock,   dairy  and  nursery  products, 
poultry  and  eggs,  onions,  tobacco,  beans, 
sugar  t3eets,  grains,  fruits. 

59 

Westchester 

283,055 

450 

Poultry,  apples. 

60 

Wyoming 

31,880 

603 

Live  stock,  dairy  products,  eggs,  wool,  wheat, 

maple  sugar,  beans,  apples. 

61 

Yates 

18,642 

348 

Live  stock,  wool,  corn,  M'heat,  fruits. 

APPENDIX 


129 


CITIES 


City 


New  York 


Buffalo 

Rochester 

Syracuse 

Albany 

Yonkers 

Troy 

Utica 

Schenectady 
Hinghaniton 
Elmira 

Auburn 

Jamestown 

Amsterdam 

Mt.  Vernon 
Niagara  Falls 
New  Rochelle 
Poughkeepsie 

Newbiirgh 
Watertown 

Kingston 


County 

Popula- 
tion, 1910 

New  York, 
Kings, 
(Queens, 
Richmond, 

4,700,883 

Erie 

423,715 

]\Ionroe 

218,149 

Onondaga 

137,249 

Albany 

Westchester 

Rensselaer 

100,253 
79,803 
70,813 

Oneida 

74,419 

Schenectady 

Broome 

Chemung 

72,826 
48,443 
37,176 

Cavujra 

34,668 

Chautauqua 

31,297 

Montgomery 

31,267 

Westchester 
Niagara 
Westchester 
Dutchess 

30,919 
30,445 
28,867 
27,936 

Orange 
Jetferson 

27.805 
26,730 

Ulster 

25,908 

Chief  Manufactures 


Clothing,    sugar,   printing  and 
publishing. 


Meat  packing,  machinery,  linseed 
oil,  cars,  beer. 

Clothing,  boots  and  shoes,  ma- 
chinery, tobacco,  flour. 

Clothing,  machinery,  iron  and 
steel,  beer. 

Cars,  beer,  machinery. 

Machinery,  patent  medicines. 

Men's  furnisliing  goods,  shirts, 
machinery,  beer. 

Clothing,  hosiery  and  knit  goods, 
heaters. 

Machinery,  electrical  supplies. 

Tobacco  and  cigars,flour,clothing. 

Lumber  products,  cars,  hosiery 
and  knit  goods. 

Agricultural  implements,  ma- 
chinery. 

Worsted  goods,  furniture,  photo- 
graphic materials. 

Hosiery  and  knit  goods,  carpets 
and  rugs,  linseed  oil. 

Electric  power,  flour,  paper. 

Machinery,  patent  medicines, 
tobacco  and  cigars. 

Clothing,  machinery. 

Machinery,  paper  and  wood  pulp, 
carriages,  flour. 

Worsted  goods,  furniture,  photo- 
graphic materials. 


130 


APPENDIX 
CITIES  —  (hmtinued 


City 

County 

Popula- 
tion, 1910 

Cohoes 

Albany 

24,709 

Oswego 

Oswego 

23,368 

Gloversville 

Rome 

Lockport 

Dunkirk 

Ogdensburg 

Middletown 

Fulton 

Oneida 

Niagara 

Chautauqua 

St.  Lawrence 

Orange 

20,642 
20,497 
17,970 
17,221 
15,933 
15,313 

Glens  Falls 
Water  vliet 
Ithaca 
Glean 

Lackawanna 
Corning 

Warien 

Albany 

Tompkins 

Cattaraugus 

Erie 

Steuben 

15,243 
15,074 
14,802 
14,743 
14,549 
13,730 

Hornell 

Steuben 

13,617 

Geneva 

Little  Falls 

North  Tonawanda 

Cortland 

Hudson 

Plattsburg 

Rensselaer 

Fulton 

Ontario 

Herkimer 

Niagara 

Cortland 

Columbia 

Clinton 

Rensselaer 

Oswego 

12,446 
12,273 
11,955 
11,504 
11,417 
11,138 
10,711 
10,480 

Johnstown 
Oneonta 
Port  Jervis 
Oneida 

Fulton 
Otsego 
Orange 
Madison 

10,447 
9,491 
9,314 
8,317 

Tonawanda 

Erie 

8,290 

Chief  Manufactures 


Hosiery  and  knit  goods,  machin- 
ery, house  furnishing  goods. 

Machinery,  hosiery  and  knit 
goods,  malt,  starch. 

Gloves,  mittens,  leather  pioducts. 

Brass,  copper,  mach'ry,  knit  g'ds. 

Pumps,  paper,  canned  goods. 

Locomotives,  lumber  products. 

Lumber  products,  flour,  boats. 

Saws,  hats,  leather,  condensed 
milk. 

Paper,  lumber,  collars  and  cuffs. 
Iron  goods,  v.oolens,  cars,  steel. 
Farm  imi3lements,  j^aper,  glass. 
Refined  petroleum,  leather,  glass, 
li  on  and  steel  products. 
Glass  making  and  cutting,  terra 

cotta,  brick,  lumber  products. 
Silk    goods,    furniture,  shoes, 

leather. 

Stoves,  optical  instruments,  malt. 
Knit  goods,  dairy  products,  yarns. 
Iron,  steel,  engines. 
Wire  goods,  vehicles,  wall  paper. 
Knit  goods,  wheels,  machinery. 
Lumber  products,  iron. 
Leather,  felt,  oil  cloth,  shirts. 
Woolen  goods,  paper,  flour,  ma- 
chinery. 

Gloves,  mittens,  leather  products. 
Cigars,  shirts,  silk,  flour. 
Glass,  saws,  shirts. 
Coffins,    chairs,    cigars,  canned 

goods. 
Lumber  products. 


APPENDIX 


131 


LARGER  VILLAGES 

HAVING  A  POPULATION  OF  OVER  5000  IN  1910 


Village 

County 

Popu- 
lation 
1910 

\Tl  T  T    4  C 

V  ILljAvil^j 

A  1 1  ii  ^ 

Orleans 

5,016 

Medina 

A  J  Cl  V  C«  V  1 1 « 

Genesee 

11,61:5 

Newark 

Ontario 

7,217 

North  Tarrytown 

Cat  skill 

Greene 

5,296 

Norwich 

Fredonia 

Chautauqua 

5,285 

Ossining 

Haverstraw 

Rockland 

5,669 

reeKSKiU 

Herkimer 

Herkimer 

7,520 

Port  Chester 

Hoosick  Falls 

Rensselaer 

5,532 

Salamanca 

Hudson  Falls 

Washington 

5,189 

Saratoga  Springs 

Ilion 

Herkimer 

6,588 

Seneca  Falls 

Malone 

Franklin 

6,467 

Solvay 

Mamar.oueck 

Westchester 

5,699 

Tarrytown 

Matteawan 

Dutchess 

6,727 

Whit«  Plains 

Mechanicsville 

Saratoga 

6,631 

County 


Orleans 

Wayne 

Westchester 

Chenango 

Westchester 

Westchester 

Westchester 

Cattaraugus 

Saratoga 

Seneca 

Onondaga 

Westchester 

Westchester 


Popu- 
lation 
1910 


5,683 
6,227 
5,421 
7,422 
11,480 
15,245 
12,809 
5,792 
12,693 
6,588 
5,139 
5,600 
15,949 


INDEX 


Adironciacks  (ad-i-ron'daks),  14, 15,  17,  18, 

24-20,  ;50-32." 
Albany  (al'ba-iii),  19,  48,  50,  52-54,  57,04, 

60,  08,  100,  110. 
Alexandria  Bay  (al'egs-an'dri-a),  21. 
Allegany  County  (al'e-ga'nl),  39. 
Allegheny  Plateau,  16,  17,  20,  30,  36. 
Allegheny  River,  20,  50. 
Amsterdam  (am'ster-dam'),  53. 
Anthony's  Nose,  14. 

Appalachian  Highland  (ap'pa-la'chi-an),  12, 

13,  43. 
Assembly,  64. 
Atlantic  Avenue,  76. 

Ocean,  12,  16,  69. 

Slope,  42. 
Auburn  (a'burn),  53. 
Ausable  Chasm  (o-sa'bl),  24. 

River,  23. 
Avon  (a' von),  40. 

Barbadoes  (bar-ba'doz),  110. 
Battery,  75,  100. 

Park,  89. 
Beacon  Mountain  (be'kon),  14. 
Bedloes  Island,  69,  107,  lo8. 
Bellomont,  Lord  (bel'a-mont),  120. 
Binghamton  (bing'am-ton),  52,  54,  58,  60. 
Black  River,  17. 
Black  River  Canal,  48. 
Blackwells  Island,  69,  107. 
Block,  Adrian  (blok),  109. 
Blue  Point,  39. 
Blue  Ridge  Mountains,  13. 
Boston,  42,  57. 
Bowery,  115,  116. 

Theater,  116. 


Bowling  Green,  (bo'ling),  84,  114. 
Bradford,  William,  121. 
Bridge  Street,  115,  118. 
Broad  Street,  100,  115,  123. 
Broadway,  76,  92,  93,  95,  101,  103,  114,  118, 
122. 

Bronx  (bronks).  Borough  of  The,  69,  75, 
78-80,  83,  92. 
Park,  83,  89. 
River,  84. 

Brooklyn  (-lin),  51,  69,  75,  77-80,  82,  91, 

94,  97,  101,  102,  104,  105,  110. 
Buffalo,  39,  40,  48,  50,  52,  54,  57,  58. 
Bullhead  Tavern,  116. 

Cabots,  the  (kab'ots),  112. 
California  (kal'i-for'ni-a) ,  37. 
Canada  (kan'a-da),  55. 
Canal  Street,  80,''81,  116. 
Canisteo  River  (kan'is-te'6),  50. 
Catskills  (kats'kils),  15,  16,  24,  60. 
Cattaraugus  County  (kat'ta-ra'giis) ,  39. 
Cayuga  Canal,  48. 

Lake,  26,  67. 
Cedar  Street,  99. 
Central  Lakes,  16,  17,  30. 

Park,  79,  82,  83,  88. 
Champlain  Canal  (sham-plan'),  48,  57. 

Lake,  9,  13,  14,  17,  25,  20,  39,  57. 

Valley,  12. 
Chautauqua  Lake  (sha-ta'kwa),  24,  50. 
Chemung  River  (she-mung'),  20,  51. 
Chenango  River  (she-nan'^-o),  20,  60. 
Chicago  (she-ka'go),  50. 
Christiansen,  Hendrick  (krist'yan-sen) ,  109o 
City  Gate,  113. 
City  Hall  Park,  93. 


INDEX 


133 


Clinton,  Governor  (klin'ton),  45. 
Cohoes  (ko-hoz'),  19,  52,  51). 
Falls,  24. 

College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  07. 
Columbia  University  (ko-liun'bi-a),  66. 
(volumbus  Avenue  (ko-lum'bu^),  87. 
Coney  Island  (ko'ni),  75,  80. 
Connecticut  (kon-net'i-kut),  0,  110. 
Cornell  University,  67. 
Corning  (kor'ning),  54. 
Cornwall,  51. 
County  Courts,  06. 
Court  Street  (kort),  94. 
Cregier,  Martin  (kre-ger'),  118. 
Croton  A(iue(luct  (kro'ton),  78. 

River,  78,  70. 
Crown  Street,  120. 
Curasao  (koo'na-so'),  118. 

l)e  Heere  Straat  (de  liar'e  strat),  114. 
Delancey  Street  (de-lan'se),  78. 
Delaware  County  (del'a-war),  51. 

Mountaijis,  1."},  16. 

Kiver,  9,  10,  20,  51. 

Kiver  System,  17,  20,  24. 
Devil's  Oven,  23. 
Dunderberg  Mountain,  14,  19. 
Dunkirk  (dun'kerk),  50,  55. 

East  Albany,  57. 
Eastern  Parkway,  80. 

East  Kiver,  22,  60,  70,  77,  91,  101,  106,  107, 

110,  118. 
Ellis  Island  (el'Is),  60,  107. 
Ehnira  (el-mi'ra),  .54,  58. 
England  (in'gland),  121. 
Erie  Canar(e'rl),  45,  48,  55-57,  59. 
County,  34,  39. 

Lake,  9,  16,  20,  24,  25,  34,  50,  56,  57, 
59. 

Finger  Lakes,  26,  55. 
Fishkill,  58. 
Flatbush,  110. 

Avenue,  76,  97. 
Flatlands,  110. 


Fort  Hamilton  (ham'il-ton),  106. 

Schuyler  (ski'ler),  107'. 

Tompkins  (tonip'kinz),  106. 

Wadsworth  (Wodz'wurth),  106. 
France,  110. 

Fraunces,  Sam  (fron'sez),  123. 
Fraunces'  Tavern,  123. 
Fulton,  29,  59. 
Street,  77,  97. 

Gazette,  The  Weekly,  121. 
Genesee  County  (jen'e-se'),  40. 

River,  17,  23,  20,  30'^,  50,  50. 

Valley,  50,  56. 
George,  Lake,  25,  26,  57. 
Glens  Falls,  50. 
Gloversville  (gliiv'erz-vil),  53. 
Goat  Island,  23. 
Governor,  65. 
Governors  Island,  60,  107. 
Grand  Island,  21. 
Great  Alluvial  Plain,  30. 
Great  Lakes,  12,  22,  54,  55,  58. 
Great  South  Bay,  39. 
Green  Mountains,  13,  25. 

Haines  Falls,  24. 
Hamilton,  Alexander,  122. 
Harlem  (har'lein),  117. 

River,  22,  69,  75,  76,  78. 

Driveway,  80. 
Hasbrouck  House  (haz'brook),  58. 
Haverstraw  (hav'er-stra),  18. 
High  liridge,  78,  79. 

Highlands  of  the   Hudson,   14,   19,  39, 
109. 

High  Street,  115. 
Holland,  110,  112,  119. 
Hornell  (hCrn'el),  54. 
Hudson,  city  of,  54, 
Henry,  109. 

Highlands  of  the,  14,  19,  39,  109. 

River,  12-15,  18-20,  22,  30,  33,  38-40,  42- 

44,  50,  57,  59,  60,  78,  81,  105,  106. 
River  System,  17,  18,  21,  24,  51. 
Hunter  Mountain,  15. 


134 


INDEX 


Illinois  (il-li-noiz'),  33. 
Iowa  (i'6-wa),  33,  37. 
Ithaca  (ith'jx-ka),  51,  57. 

Jamaica  (ja-ma'ka),  75 

liay,  100. 
Jamestown,  50. 
Jerome  Park  (je-rom'),  79. 
Johnstown,  53. 

Joralemon  Street  (je-rol'e-mun),  9i. 

Kaaterskill  Falls  (kaw'ter-skil),  IG,  24. 
Kansas  (kan'zas),  37. 

City,  70. 
Kidd,  AVilliam,  120. 
Kieft,  Governor  (keft),  111. 
Kingsbridge,  70. 
King's  College,  07. 

County,  09. 
Kingston  (kingz'ton),  54,  59,  GO. 

Lafayette  Place  (la-fa-ef),  87. 
Lake  Ridge,  13. 

Leisler,  Captain  Jacob  (lis'ler),  120. 
Lexington  Avenue,  (lek'sing-ton),  103. 
Liberty  Island,  108. 

Street,  120. 
Library,  State,  08. 
Little  Falls,  53,  59. 
Livingston  County  (liv'ing-ston),  40. 
Lockport,  52. 

Long  Island,  9,  22,  33,  38,  39,  77,  79,  109, 

110,  118,  122. 
Long  Island  City,  39. 

Sound,  9,  100. 
Lorillard  Mansion,  83. 
Lower  Bay,  105,  106. 

Madison  Avenue  (mad'i-son),  103. 

Square,  84. 
Maiden  Lane,  95. 

Manhattan,  Borough  of  (man-hat'an),  69, 
75-80,  82,  84,  80,  92-95,  97,  98,  103- 
105,  117. 
Indians,  111. 

Island,  22,  09,  103,  109,  123. 


Maryland  Monument,  82. 

Massachusetts  (mas'a-chu'sets),  9,  13,  118. 

Mexico,  Gulf  of  (meks'I-ko),  17,  20. 

Midwout  (mid'wowt),  110. 

Military  Academy,  U.S.,  08. 

Minuit,  Peter  (min'u-it),  110,  111. 

Mississippi  River  (mls'ls-sip'pl),  20. 

System,  17,  20,  24,  50. 
Mohawk  River  (mo'hak),  19,  20,  24,  30, 
44,  57. 

Valley,  13,  15,  43,  44,  55,  56,  59. 
Montcalm,  General  (mont-kam'),  55. 
Montreal  (mont're-al'),  57. 
Morningside  Heights,  07. 
Mountain  Ridge,  13. 
Mount  Clinton,  15. 

Dix,  15. 

Marcy,  14. 

Mclntyre  (mac'in-tir'),  14. 

Vernon,  54. 
Mulberry  Bend  Park,  105. 

Street,  94. 
Museum,  State,  68. 

Narrows,  the,  105,  100,  108. 

Nassau  County  (nas'a),  09. 

Neversink  River,  20. 

New  Amersfoort  (am'erz-foort),  110. 

New  Amsterdam,  95,  108,  112,  113,  114, 

117-119. 
Newburgh,  19,  54,  58. 
New  England,  9,  27,  28. 
New  Jersey,  9,  12,  18,  78,  110. 
New  Netherlands  (neth'er-landz),  110,  112. 
New  Utrecht  (u'trekt),  110." 
New  York  Bay,  12,  18,  22,  09. 

City,  18,  42-44,  50-52,  54,  57,  67,  69- 
124. 

County,  27. 

Harbor,  105. 

University,  67. 

Weekly  Jonrnal,  121. 
Niagara  Falls  (ni-ag'a-ra),  22,  29,  52,  59. 

River,  9,  17,  21,  23",  33. 
Nichols,  Colonel,  112. 
Normal  College,  State,  68. 


INDEX 


135 


North  Brother  Island,  107. 

Tonawancla  (ton'a-wan'da),  53. 
Nyack  (ni'ak),  118.'^ 

Ocean  Parkway,  80. 
Ohio  (o-hi'o),  33. 
Glean  (o'le-SnO,  39,  60. 
Oneida  (6-nI'da),  51. 

Lake,  26. 

Lake  Canal,  48. 

River,  17. 

Onondaga  County  (on'on-da'ga),  39,  40. 
Ontario  (6n-ta'ri-o),  9. 

Lake,  9, 16, 17,  21-23, 25, 26,  33,  50,  55,  57. 
Orange  County,  51. 
Oswego  (6s-we'go),  29,  53-65. 

Canal,  48,  56. 

River,  17,  26. 
Otis  Summit,  15. 
Otsego  Lake  (6t-se'g6),  20,  24. 
Oyster  Island,  09. 

Palisades  (pSl-T-sadz'),  18,  109. 

Parade  Ground,  82. 

Park  Row,  92,  96. 

Pearl  Street,  123. 

Peck  Slip,  115. 

Peekskill,  19. 

Pelham  Bay  Park  (pel'am),  83,  84. 
Pennsylvania  (pen'sil-va'ni-a),  9,  17,  20, 36, 

51,  55,  58,  101. 
Philadelphia  (fil'a-del'fi-a),  42. 
Portage  Falls  (port'aj),  23. 
Port  Jervis,  9,  51. 
Potsdam,  39. 

Poughkeepsie  (po-kTp'si),  54,  57,  68. 
Prospect  Park,  80,  82,  83,  110. 
Putnam  County  (put'nani),  78. 

Quebec  (kwe-b6k'),  9. 
Queens,  Borough  of,  69. 

Randalls  Island,  69,  107. 
Raritan  Bay  (rar'it-an),  106. 
Rensselaer  (ren'se-ler),  57. 
Rhode  Island  (rod),''27o 


Richfield,  40. 

Richmond,  Borough  of,  69. 
Ridgewood,  75,  79. 
Riverside  Drive,  80. 

Rochester  (roch'es-ter),  29,  38,  52,  53,  59. 

Falls,  23. 
Rome,  19,  53,  56. 

Saint  Lawrence  County  (la'rens),  27,  33. 
Gulf  of,  17. 

River,  9,  13,  17,  21,  20. 

River  System,  17,  20,  21,  24,  25,  50. 

Valley,  12,  33,  43. 
Saint  Paul's  Church,  122,  123. 
Sandy  Hook,  106. 
Sandy  Hook  Bay,  106. 
Saratoga  Lake  (sar-a-to'ga),  41. 

Springs,  40. 
Schenectady  (ske-nek'ta-dT),  48,  53,  56. 
Schoharie  County  (sko-h3,r'i),  57. 
Senate,  04. 

Seneca  Canal  (s6n'e-ka),  48. 

Lake,  26. 

River,  17. 
Sharon  (sh^r'on),  40. 

Shawangunk  Mountains  (sh6n'gi5m),  13, 

16,  51. 
Sheriff,  66. 
Slide  Mountain,  15. 
Sloughter,  Governor  (slaw'ter),  120. 
South  Brother  Island,  107. 
Southern  Boulevard  (boo'le-vard'),  80. 
Staten  Island  (stat'en),  22,  69,  106. 
Steenwyck  Cornelis  (sten'wik),  118. 
Steuben  County  (stii'ben),  33. 
Stony  Point,  19. 
Storm  King,  14. 

Stuyvesant,  Peter  (sti'vg-sant).  111,  112, 
116. 
Square,  84. 
Sullivan  County,  51. 
Supervisors,  Board  of,  66. 
Susquehanna  River  (sus'kwe-hSn'a),  16^209 
30,  51,  60. 
System,  17,  20,  24,  50. 
Syracuse  (sir'a-kus'),  52,  53,  56,  69. 


136  INDEX 


Taconic  Highlands  (ta-k5n'ik),  13, 

Range,  14. 
Tappan  Zee  (tap'an  ze),  18. 
Tatighannock  Falls  (ta-gSn'ok),  27. 
Texas,  27,  38. 

Thalia  Theater  (thal'e-a),  116. 
Thousand  Islands,  21. 
Throgs  Neck,  107. 

Ticonderoga  Creek  (ti-k6n'd§r-5'ga),  26. 

Fort,  26. 
Tompkins  Square,  84. 
Tonawanda  (ton'a-won'da),  53. 
Trenton  Falls,  24? 
Trinity  Church,  122,  123. 
Tri-State  Hock,  9. 
Troy,  52,  53,  57. 

Ulster  County,  39. 
Union  Square,  84. 
University  Heights,  67. 
Upper  Bay,  105-107. 

Van  Cortlandt  Park,  83. 
Van  Twiller,  Governor,  111. 
Varian,  Richard  (var'i-an),  116. 
Vassar  College,  68. 
Vermont,  9,  13,  37. 
Virginia  (ver-jin'i-a),  118. 

Wallabout  (wol'a-bowt),  110. 
Bay,  91,  98. 


Wallaboui  Market,  98. 
Walloons  (wol-loonz'),  110. 
Wall  Street,  100,  115,  122. 
Wards  Island,  69,  107. 
Washington  Bridge,  78. 

County,  39. 

Market,  98. 

Square,  91. 

Street,  93. 
Washington,  George,  77,  122,  128. 
Water  Gate,  113. 

Street,  115. 
Watervliet  (wa'ter-vl6t'),  57. 
Watkins  Falls,  26. 

Glen,  26. 
Weehawken,  18,  51. 
Wellsville,  60. 
West  Canada  Creek,  24. 
Westchester  County,  78. 
West  Farms,  76. 
West  Point,  68. 
Whirlpool  Rapids,  23. 
Whitehall  Street,  76. 
Willetts  Point,  107. 
Williamsburg  Bridge,  75,  77,  78. 
Wyoming  County  (wi-o'ming),  40. 

Yonkers  (yonk'erz),  62,  64, 

Zenger^  Peter,  121. 


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minor  events,  and  brief  biographies ;  and,  most  important  of 
all,  the  fascinating  literary  style  of  its  author.  Dr.  Steele. 
^  The  treatment  of  battles  has  been  somewhat  curtailed,  and 
greater  prominence  given  to  the  life  of  the  people,  and  to  the 
wonderful  development  of  our  industries.  Carefully  selected 
references  for  reading  have  been  inserted  at  intervals. 


AMERICAN  BOOK  COMPANY 
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